Difference between revisions of "Turkic languages"
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) |
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) |
||
Line 268: | Line 268: | ||
</center> |
</center> |
||
==Other pairs== |
====Other pairs==== |
||
<center> |
<center> |
||
Revision as of 04:54, 28 August 2014
The Turkic languages include Turkish, Azeri, Uzbek, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Chuvash, Turkmen, Bashkir, Sakha, and several dozen other languages. The languages are related with varying levels of mutual intelligibility. A team called Apertium Turkic aims to enhance MT coverage of these languages with apertium.
The ultimate master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
Status
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purpose transducers for a variety of Turkic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
Transducers
- See also: Turkic lexicon and Languages
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".
name | Language | native name | ISO 639 | formalism | state | stems | coverage | location | primary authors | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-2 | -3 | |||||||||
apertium-kaz
|
Kazakh | қазақ тілі | kk
|
kaz
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | production | 36,595 | ~94.5% | apertium-kaz (languages) | Ilnar, Jonathan, Fran, Aida, Beknazar, Nathan |
apertium-tat
|
Tatar | татар теле | tt
|
tat
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | production | 55,702 | ~91% | apertium-tat (languages) | Ilnar, Fran, Jonathan, Röstäm |
apertium-kir
|
Kyrgyz | кыргыз тили | ky
|
kir
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | working | 14,424 | ~90.4% | apertium-kir (languages) | Jonathan, Mirlan, Fran, Qantörö |
apertium-tur
|
Turkish | Türk dili | tr
|
tur
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | working | 17,221 | ~87.3% | apertium-tur (incubator) | Fran, Gianluca, Jonathan |
apertium-chv |
Chuvash | чӑваш чӗлхи | cv |
chv |
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 10,267 | ~85% | apertium-chv (languages) | Hèctor |
apertium-kum |
Kumyk | къумукъ тил | - |
kum |
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 4,918 | ~90.2% | apertium-kum (languages) | Fran, Jonathan |
apertium-kaa
|
Karakalpak | Qaraqalpaq tili | -
|
kaa
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 25,545 | ~86.1% | apertium-kaa (languages) | Beknazar, Fran, Jonathan |
apertium-uzb |
Uzbek | o'zbek tili | uz |
uzb |
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 34,470 | ~82.9% | apertium-uzb (languages) | |
apertium-bak
|
Bashkir | башҡорт теле | ba
|
bak
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 2,827 | ~66% | apertium-bak (languages) | Fran, Jonathan, Ilnar, Milli |
apertium-nog
|
Nogay | Ногай тили | -
|
nog
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 1,385 | ~81.4% | apertium-nog (languages) | Fran, Jonathan |
apertium-tuk
|
Turkmen | Türkmençe | tk
|
tuk
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 2,988 | ~70.7% | apertium-tuk (languages) | Fran |
apertium-uig
|
Uyghur | ئۇيغۇر تىلى | ug
|
uig
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | prototype | 17,585 | ~54.2% | apertium-uig (incubator) | Jonathan, Märdan, Fran |
apertium-crh
|
Crimean Tatar | Qırımtatar tili | -
|
crh
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | prototype | 11,757 | ~85.4% | apertium-crh (incubator) | Fran |
apertium-sah
|
Yakut | Саха тыла | -
|
sah
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | prototype | 11,531 | ~89.6% | apertium-sah (incubator) | Fran |
apertium-tyv
|
Tuvan | Тыва дыл | -
|
tyv
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | prototype | 11,695 | ~92.7% | apertium-tyv (incubator) | Fran |
apertium-kjh
|
Khakas | Хакас тілі | -
|
kjh
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | prototype | 293 | ~39.3% | apertium-kjh (incubator) | Fran |
apertium-aze
|
Azerbaijani | Azərbaycan dili | az
|
aze
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | prototype | 11,120 | apertium-aze (incubator) | Gianluca |
Turkic languages by subgroup
- Oğuz: Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, Gagauz, Trukhmen, Bojnur, etc.
- Qarluq: Uzbek, Uyghur
- Qıpçaq:
- West: Kumyk, Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim
- North: Tatar, Bashqort
- South (trad. East): Kazakh, Karakalpak, Nogay
- East: Kyrgyz
- Altay: South Altay (, Kyrgyz)
- Yeniseian: Khakas, Shor, Chulym, Baraba Tatar, North Altay
- Sayan: Tuvan, Tofa, Tozhu, Dukha, Soyot
- Lena: Sakha, Dolgan
- Arğu: Halaj
- Oğur: Chuvash
Pairs
Some Turkic languages that are particularly similar to one another (and hence have high levels of mutual intelligibility) include those in the following list:
- Turkish, Azerbaycani, (Turkmen)
- Qazaq, Qaraqalpaq, Noğay, (Qırğız)
- Kumyk, Karachay-Balkar
- Tatar, Bashqort
- Uzbek, Uyğur
- Shor, Khakas(, Altay)
- Sakha, Dolgan
- Tuvan, Tofa
Chuvash is very distant from other Turkic languages and is not even partially mutually intelligible with any of them.
Table of existing pairs
- See also: Turkic-Turkic translator
Text in italics denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in nursery, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in bold and italics denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with dixcounter are displayed below.
tur | aze | tuk | uzb | kir | kaz | tat | bak | chv | nog | kaa | kum | uig | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tur | - | tur-aze |
tuk-tur |
tur-uzb |
tur-kir |
tur-tat |
cv-tr |
||||||
aze | tur-aze |
- | |||||||||||
tuk | tuk-tur |
- | |||||||||||
uzb | tur-uzb |
- | kir-uzb |
||||||||||
kir | tur-kir |
kir-uzb |
- | kaz-kir |
tat-kir |
||||||||
kaz | kaz-kir |
- | 'kaz-tat ' |
nog-kaz |
kaz-kaa |
kaz-kum |
kaz-uig | ||||||
tat | tur-tat |
tat-kir |
'kaz-tat ' |
- | tat-bak |
chv-tat |
|||||||
bak | tat-bak |
- | |||||||||||
chv | cv-tr |
chv-tat |
- | ||||||||||
nog | nog-kaz |
- | |||||||||||
kaa | kaz-kaa |
- | |||||||||||
kum | kaz-kum |
- | |||||||||||
uig | kaz-uig |
- |
Other pairs
tur | aze | tuk | uzb | kir | kaz | tat | bak | chv | nog | kaa | kum | uig | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
eng | tr-en |
ky-en |
eng-kaz |
||||||||||
epo | eo-tr |
||||||||||||
khk | khk-kaz |
||||||||||||
rus | tat-rus |
cv-ru |
Roadmap
Stable release of apertium-kazStable release of apertium-tatStable release of apertium-kaz-tat- Rework apertium-kir to match new standards
- Bring apertium-bak up to date (based on apertium-tat)
- Expand apertium-tat-bak
- Beta release of apertium-kaz-kir
- Beta release of apertium-tur-kir
- Expand apertium-tuk
- Expand apertium-chv
- Basic transducers for:
Qaraqalpaq (based onTatarKazakh, probably, no?)UzbekUyghurNogayKumyk- Khakas
- Tuvan
- Sakha
- Shor
- Crimean Tatar
Getting involved
We have a work plan for developing Turkic-Turkic translators and are working on a how-to for building a Turkic lexicon. Please come talk to us on IRC or contact us on the apertium-turkic mailing list.
Samples
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Language | Text |
---|---|
Kazakh | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір‐қасиеті мен кұқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл‐парасат, ар‐ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір‐бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым‐қатынас жасаулары тиіс. |
Tatar | Барлык кешеләр дә азат һәм үз абруйлары һәм хокуклары ягыннан тиң булып туалар. Аларга акыл һәм вөҗдан бирелгән һәм бер-берсенә карата туганнарча мөнәсәбәттә булырга тиешләр. |
Kyrgyz | Бардык адамдар өз беделинде жана укуктарында эркин жана тең укуктуу болуп жаралат. Алардын аң‐сезими менен абийири бар жана бири‐бирине бир туугандык мамилекылууга тийиш. |
Turkish | Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler. |
Azerbaijani | Bütün insanlar ləyaqət və hüquqlarına görə azad və bərabər doğulurlar. Onların şüurları və vicdanları var və bir-birlərinə münasibətdə qardaşlıq ruhunda davranmalıdırlar. |
Gagauz | İnsannar hepsi duuêrlar serbest hem birtakım kendi kıymetindä hem haklarında. Onnara verilmiş akıl hem üz da läazım biri-birinä davransınnar kardaşlık ruhuna uygun. |
Turkmen | Adamlaryň hemmesi azat dogulýarlar we öz mertebesi hem-de hukuklary boýunça ilkibaşdan deňdirler. Olara ozal-başdan aň, ynsap berlendir we biri-birine özara doganlyk ruhunda çemeleşmek olaryň ýaraşygydyr. |
Uzbek (Latin script) | Barcha odamlar erkin, qadr-qimmat ba huquqlarda tang bo'lib tug'iladilar. Ular aql va vijdon sohibidilar va bir-birla iga birodarlarcha muomala qilishlari zarur. |
Uyghur | ھەممە ئادەم زاتىدىنلا ئەركىن، ئىززەت-ھۆرمەت ۋە ھوقۇقتا بابباراۋەر بولۇپ تۇغۇلغان. ئۇلار ئەقىلغە ۋە ۋىجدانغا ئىگە ھەمدە بىر-بىرىگە قېرىنداشلىق مۇناسىۋىتىگە خاس روھ بىلەن مۇئامىلە قىلىشى كېرەك. |
Tyva | Бүгү кижилер хостуг база мөзүзү болгаш эргелери дең кылдыр төрүттүнер. Оларга угаансарыыл болгаш арын-нүүр бердинген болур болгаш олар бот-боттарынга акы-дуңмалышкы хамаарылганы көргүзер ужурлуг. |
Karachay-Balkar | Бютеу адамла эркин болуб эмда сыйлары бла хакълары тенг болуб тууадыла. Алагъа акъыл бла намыс берилгенди эмда бир-бирлерине къарнашлыкъ халда къараргъа керекдиле. |
Altai | Ончо улус ак-јарыкка јайым ла теҥ-тай тап-эриктӱ туулат. Олор санааукаалу ла чек кӱӱн-тапту болуп бӱткен ле бой-бойын карындаш кирези кӧрӧр лӧ јӱрер учурлу. |
Khakas | Полған на кізі пос паза тиң тіріпче паза тиң постың синін пілінгенін паза тірелерініңде полча. Олардың сағынғаны паза арығ сағыс пар паза харындастар чіли тудынарға киректер. |
Shor | Парчын кижи, по чарыққа туғчадып, тең, пош туғча. Кижилер сағыштығ, ақтығ туғчалар, кижилерге пашқа кижилербе арғыштаныштарға керек. |
Sakha | Дьон барыта бэйэ суолтатыгар уонна быраабыгар тэҥ буолан төрүүллэр. Кинилэр бары өркөн өйдөөх, суобастаах буолан төрүүллэр, уонна бэйэ бэйэлэригэр тылга кииринигэс быһыылара доҕордоһуу тыыннаах буолуохтаах. |
Vulnerability
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Turkic languages. Vulnerability data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.
Language | ISO639-3 | Location | Speakers | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnologue | UNESCO | ||||
Chagatai | chg
|
Turkmenistan | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Salchuq | slq
|
Iran | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Chulym | clw
|
Russian Federation | 44 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Karaim | kdr
|
Lithuania & Ukraine | 56 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 5 (Extinct) |
Tofa (Karagas) | kim
|
Russian Federation | 90 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Krimchak | jct
|
Ukraine | 200 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | - |
Ili Turki | ili
|
China | 120 | 8a (Moribund) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Yugur (Western/Saryg) | ybe
|
China | 4,600 | 8a (Moribund) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Balkan Gagauz Turkish | bgx
|
Turkey | 331,000 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Dolgan | dlg
|
Russian Federation | 1,050 | 6b (Threatened) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Shor | cjs
|
Russian Federation | 2,840 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Ainu | aib
|
China | 6,570 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
Altay, Northern | atv
|
Russian Federation | 57,400 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Salar | slr
|
China | 70,000 | 6b (Threatened) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Urum | uum
|
Georgia, Russian Federation, Ukraine | 192,700 | 6b (Threatened) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Khalaj | klj
|
Iran | 42,100 | 6a (Vigorous) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Khorasani | kmz
|
Iran | 400,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Kashkay | qxq
|
Iran | 1,500,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Khakas | kjh
|
Russian Federation | 42,610 | 5 (Developing) | 5 (Extinct) |
Nogay | nog
|
Russian Federation | 87,410 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Gagauz | gag
|
Moldova | 173,920 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Karakalpak | kaa
|
Uzbekistan | 410,410 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Kumyk | kum
|
Russian Federation | 426,550 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Tuva | tyv
|
China, Mongolia, Russian Federation | 283,400 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Karachay-Balkar | krc
|
Russian Federation | 310,730 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Crimean Tatar | crh
|
Ukraine | 475,540 | 4 (Educational) | - |
Chuvash | chv
|
Russian Federation | 1,077,420 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Bashkort | bak
|
Russian Federation | 1,221,340 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Uzbek, Southern | uzs
|
Afghanistan | 2,961,980 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Azerbaijani, Southern | azb
|
Iran | 16,913,280 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Altay, Southern | alt
|
Russian Federation | 57,400 | 2 (Provincial) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Yakut | sah
|
Russian Federation | 450,000 | 2 (Provincial) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Tatar | tat
|
Russian Federation | 5,407,550 | 2 (Provincial) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Uyghur | uig
|
China | 8,791,610 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
Kyrgyz | kir
|
Kyrgyzstan | 2,941,930 | 1 (National) | - |
Azerbaijani, Northern | azj
|
Azerbaijan | 7,324,270 | 1 (National) | - |
Turkmen | tuk
|
Turkmenistan | 7,560,560 | 1 (National) | - |
Kazakh | kaz
|
Kazakhstan | 8,077,770 | 1 (National) | - |
Uzbek, Northern | uzn
|
Uzbekistan | 18,968,250 | 1 (National) | - |
Turkish | tur
|
Turkey | 50,733,420 | 1 (National) | - |
Official poem
- (tur) Kovayla bira içerim, ama sen bilmezsin. Yarın gelir misin?
- (aze) Vedrəyle pivə içirəm, ama sen bilməzsən. Yarın gələrmisən?
- (tat) Чиләк белән сыра эчәм, әмма син белмисең. Иртәгә киләсеңме?
- (kaz) Шелекпен сыра ішемін, бірақ сен білмейсің. Ертең келесің бе?
- (kir) Чака менен сыра ичем, бирок сен билбейсиң. Эртең келесиңби?
- (uzb) Chelak bilan pivo ichaman lekin sen bilmaysan. Ertaga kelasanmi?
- (kaa) Shelek penen pivo ishemen, biraq sen bilmeysen'. Erten' kelesen'be?
Footnotes
Bibliography
- Washington, J. N., Salimzyanov, I., and Tyers, F. M. (2014) "Finite-state morphological transducers for three Kypchak languages". Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC2014
- Salimzyanov, I., Washington, J. N., and Tyers, F. M. (2013) "A free/open-source Kazakh-Tatar machine translation system". Proceedings of MT Summit XIV
- Washington, J. N., Ipasov, M. and Tyers, F. M. (2012) "A finite-state morphological analyser for Kyrgyz". Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC2012
- Tyers, F. M., Washington, J. N., Salimzyanov, I., and Batalov, R. (2012) "A prototype machine translation system for Tatar and Bashkir based on free/open-source components". Proceedings of the Turkic Languages Workshop at the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC2012