Germanic languages

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The Germanic languages (gem) constitute a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Europe, Anglo-America and Australasia. The common ancestor of all the languages is called Proto-Germanic, which was spoken approximately in the mid-1st millenium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Of the over 50 different Germanic languages, the most widely spoken are English, German, and Dutch with over 450 million speakers in total.

The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.

Status

The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Germanic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.

Transducers

Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".

name language native name ISO 639 formalism state stems paradigms coverage location primary authors
-2 -3
apertium-nno Nynorsk nynorsk nn nno lttoolbox production 182,497 1,192 apertium-nno (languages) Fran, Trondtr, Unhammer
apertium-nob Bokmål bokmål nb nob lttoolbox production 246,281 1,194 apertium-nob (languages) Fran, Trondtr, Unhammer
apertium-dan Danish dansk da dan lttoolbox production 52,133 626 apertium-dan (languages) Fran, JacobEo, Jonas
apertium-eng English English en eng lttoolbox production apertium-is-en (trunk) - ? Fran, marthab08, hrafn65, hloftsson, olafurw
apertium-nld Dutch Nederlands nl nld lttoolbox production 25,079 1,095 apertium-nld (languages) Fran, Teirlynck, Otte, Naudé
apertium-afr Afrikaans Afrikaans af afr lttoolbox production apertium-en-af (staging) Fran, winterstream
apertium-deu German Deutsch de deu lttoolbox working 74,339 1,427 apertium-deu (incubator) Fran, ebenimeli, Jim Regan
apertium-swe Swedish svenska sv swe lttoolbox working 138,490 1,834 apertium-swe (languages) ?
apertium-isl Icelandic íslenska is isl lttoolbox development 8,770 1,878 apertium-isl (languages) Fran, Loftsson, Brandt, Sigurþórsson
apertium-sco Scots Scots - sco lttoolbox development apertium-eng-sco (incubator) Jim Regan
apertium-fao Faroese føroyskt fo fao lttoolbox development 2,318 278 apertium-fao (languages) Trondtr
apertium-fry West Frisian Frysk fy fry lttoolbox prototype apertium-nld-fry (nursery) Fran

Pairs

Some Germanic languages that are particularly similar to one another (and hence have high levels of mutual intelligibility) include those in the following list:

Table of Existing Pairs

Text in italics denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in nursery, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in bold and italics denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with dixcounter are displayed below.

dan nor swe fao isl deu nld afr fry eng nob nno sco
dan - 'dan-nor
'		 'sv-da
'		 da-fo
 isl-dan
 da-en
nor 'dan-nor
'		 - swe-nor
 nor-eng
swe 'sv-da
'		 swe-nor
 - 'is-sv
'		 deu-swe
 sv-nb
fao da-fo
 - fo-is
 fo-nb
isl isl-dan
 'is-sv
'		 fo-is
 - 'is-en
'
deu deu-swe
 - de-nl
 en-de
nld de-nl
 - 'af-nl
'		 nld-fry
 en-nl
afr 'af-nl
'		 - en-af
fry nld-fry
 -
eng da-en
 nor-eng
 'is-en
'		 en-de
 en-nl
 en-af
 - eng-sco
nob sv-nb
 fo-nb
 - 'nn-nb
'
nno 'nn-nb
'		 -
sco eng-sco
 -
ben bn-en
bul bg-en
cat 'en-ca
'
cym 'cy-en
'
ell ell-eng
epo eo-sv
 eo-de
 eo-nl
 'eo-en
'
eus 'eu-en
'
fin fin-eng
fra fr-nl
 en-fr
gle en-ga
glg 'en-gl
'
hat ht-en
hbs sh-en
hin eng-hin
hun hun-eng
hye hye-eng
ita en-it
kaz eng-kaz
kir ky-en
lat la-en
lav en-lv
lit en-lt
ltz deu-ltz
lvs eng-lvs
mal mal-eng
mar mar-eng
mfe mfe-en
mkd 'mk-en
'
mlt en-mt
nep ne-en
pol en-pl
por en-pt
rus ru-en
sin si-en
sme sme-deu
 'sme-nob
'
spa es-de
 'en-es
'
sqi en-sq
tel eng-tel
tur tr-en
vie vi-en

Classification

All living Germanic languages belong either to the West Germanic or to the North Germanic branch:

Samples

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Language Text
Danish Alle mennesker er født frie og lige i værdighed og rettigheder. De er udstyret med fornuft og samvittighed, og de bør handle mod hverandre i en broderskabets ånd.
Swedish Alla människor äro födda fria och lika i värde och rättigheter. De äro utrustade med förnuft och samvete och böra handla gentemot varandra i en anda av broderskap.
Faroese Øll menniskju eru fødd fræls og jøvn til virðingar og mannarættindi. Tey hava skil og samvitsku og eiga at fara hvørt um annað í bróðuranda.
Icelandic Hver maður er borinn frjáls og jafn öðrum að virðingu og réttindum. Menn eru gæddir vitsmunum og samvizku, og ber þeim að breyta bróðurlega hverjum við annan.
English All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Scots Aw human sowels is born free and equal in dignity and richts. They are tochered wi mense and conscience and shuld guide theirsels ane til ither in a speirit o britherheid.
Luxembourgeois All Mënsch kënnt fräi a mat deer selwechter Dignitéit an dene selwechte Rechter op d'Welt. Jiddereen huet säi Verstand a säi Gewësse krut an soll an engem Geescht vu Bridderlechkeet denen anere géintiwwer handelen.
Yiddish, Eastern יעדער מענטש װערט געבױרן פֿרײַ און גלײַך אין כּבֿוד און רעכט. יעדער װערט באַשאָנקן מיט פֿאַרשטאַנד און געװיסן; יעדער זאָל זיך פֿירן מיט אַ צװײטן אין אַ געמיט פֿון ברודערשאַפֿט.
Afrikaans Alle menslike wesens word vry, met gelyke waardigheid en regte, gebore. Hulle het rede en gewete en behoort in die gees van broederskap teenoor mekaar op te tree.
Dutch Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheid en rechten geboren. Zij zijn begiftigd met verstand en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broederschap te gedragen.
Saxon, Low All de Minschen sünd frie un gliek an Wüürd un Rechten baren. Se hebbt Vernunft un een Geweten un se schüllt sik Bröder sien.
Norwegian, Nynorsk Alle menneske er fødde til fridom og med same menneskeverd og menneskerettar. Dei har fått fornuft og samvit og skal leve med kvarandre som brør.
Norwegian, Bokmaal Alle mennesker er født frie og med samme menneskeverd og menneskerettigheter. De er utstyrt med fornuft og samvittighet og bør handle mot hverandre i brorskapets ånd.

Vulnerability

This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Dravidian languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.

Language ISO639-3 Location Speakers Status
Ethnologue UNESCO
Frankish frk Germany 0 10 (Extinct) -
Wymysorys wym Poland 70 8b (Nearly extinct) 3 (Severely endangered)
Frisian, Eastern frs Germany 5,120 8a (Moribund) -
Saterfriesisch stq Germany 1,000 7 (Shifting) 3 (Severely endangered)
German, Colonia Tovar gct Venezuela 1,500 7 (Shifting) -
Yiddish, Western yih Germany 5,400 7 (Shifting) -
Frisian, Northern frr Germany 10,000 7 (Shifting) 3 (Severely endangered)
Hunsrik hrx Brazil 3,000,000 7 (Shifting) -
Walser wae Switzerland 22,780 6b (Threatened) -
Vlaams vls Belgium 1,204,000 6b (Threatened) -
Mócheno mhn Italy 1,900 6a (Vigorous) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Cimbrian cim Italy 2,230 6a (Vigorous) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Silesian, Lower sli Poland 22,900 6a (Vigorous) -
Hutterisch geh Canada 40,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Kölsch ksh Germany 250,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Jutish jut Germany, Denmark ? 6a (Vigorous) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Pfaelzisch pfl Germany, France ? 6a (Vigorous) 1 (Vulnerable)
Saxon, Low nds Germany 1,000 5 (Developing) -
German, Pennsylvania pdc United States 133,000 5 (Developing) -
Zeeuws zea Netherlands 220,000 5 (Developing) -
Plautdietsch pdt Canada & Ukraine 394,900 5 (Developing) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Gronings gos Netherlands 592,000 5 (Developing) -
Swabian swg Germany 819,000 5 (Developing) -
Saxon, Upper sxu Germany 2,000,000 5 (Developing) -
Mainfränkisch vmf Germany, Czech Republic 4,910,000 5 (Developing) 1 (Vulnerable)
German, Swiss gsw Switzerland 6,469,000 5 (Developing) -
Bavarian bar Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Czech Republic 13,259,000 5 (Developing) 1 (Vulnerable)
Achterhoeks act Netherlands ? 5 (Developing) -
Drents drt Netherlands ? 5 (Developing) -
Sallands sdz Netherlands ? 5 (Developing) -
Stellingwerfs stl Netherlands ? 5 (Developing) -
Twents twd Netherlands ? 5 (Developing) -
Veluws vel Netherlands ? 5 (Developing) -
Westphalien wep Germany ? 5 (Developing) -
Scots sco United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 100,000 4 (Educational) 1 (Vulnerable)
Luxembourgeois ltz Germany, Belgium, France, Luxembourg 320,710 4 (Educational) 1 (Vulnerable)
Yiddish, Eastern ydd Israel & Germany, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Ukraine 1,505,030 4 (Educational) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Faroese fao Denmark & Faroe Islands 66,150 2 (Provincial) 1 (Vulnerable)
Frisian, Western fry Netherlands 467,000 2 (Provincial) 1 (Vulnerable)
Limburgish lim Netherlands 1,300,000 2 (Provincial) -
Icelandic isl Iceland 243,840 1 (National) -
Norwegian nor Norway 4,741,780 1 (National) -
Afrikaans afr South Africa 4,949,410 1 (National) -
Danish dan Denmark 5,592,490 1 (National) -
Swedish swe Sweden 8,381,829 1 (National) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Dutch nld Netherlands 22,984,690 1 (National) -
German, Standard deu Germany 83,812,810 1 (National) -
English eng United Kingdom 334,800,758 1 (National) -

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Germanic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

See also

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