Difference between revisions of "Germanic languages"
Mjwiesinger (talk | contribs) |
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) |
||
(24 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{TOCD}} |
|||
'''Germanic languages''' (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by a sizable population in Western Europe, North America and Australasia.The common ancestor of all the languages is called Proto-Germanic, which was spoken approximately in the mid-1st millenium BC in Iron Age northern Europe.The Germanic languages include [[English]], [[German]], [[Dutch]], [[Afrikaans]], [[Norwegian]], [[Danish]], [[Swedish]], [[Icelandic]] and [[Faroese]]. |
|||
The '''Germanic languages''' ([http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/germanic gem]) constitute a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Europe, Anglo-America and Australasia. The common ancestor of all the languages is called Proto-Germanic, which was spoken approximately in the mid-1st millenium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Of the over 50 different Germanic languages, the most widely spoken are [[English]], [[German]], and [[Dutch]] with over 450 million speakers in total. |
|||
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below. |
|||
Germanic languages by subgroup: |
|||
* West-Germanic Languages |
|||
*[[German]] - [[Dutch]] |
|||
*[[German]] |
|||
*[[German]] |
|||
*[[Yiddish]] |
|||
*[[Luxemburgish]] |
|||
*[[Pennsylvania Dutch]] |
|||
*[[Low German]] |
|||
*[[Low German]] |
|||
*[[Plautdietsch]] |
|||
*[[Dutch]] |
|||
*[[Dutch]] |
|||
*[[Afrikaans]] |
|||
*[[Anglo - Frisian]] |
|||
*[[Frisian]] |
|||
*[[English]] |
|||
* North-Germanic Languages |
|||
*[[Scandinavian]] |
|||
*[[Danish]] |
|||
*[[Swedish]] |
|||
*[[Norwegian]] |
|||
*[[Icelandic]] - [[Faroese]] |
|||
*[[Icelandic]] |
|||
*[[Faroese]] |
|||
==Status== |
|||
Language pairs: |
|||
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Germanic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a [[Constraint Grammar|CG]] for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs. |
|||
===Transducers=== |
|||
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production". |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
|- |
|||
!rowspan=2| name |
|||
!rowspan=2| language |
|||
!rowspan=2| native name |
|||
!colspan=2 class="unsortable"| ISO 639 |
|||
!rowspan=2| formalism |
|||
!rowspan=2| state |
|||
!rowspan=2| stems |
|||
!rowspan=2| paradigms |
|||
!rowspan=2| coverage |
|||
!rowspan=2| location |
|||
!rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| primary authors |
|||
|-class="sortbottom" |
|||
! -2 |
|||
! -3 |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-nno]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Nynorsk]] |
|||
|| nynorsk |
|||
||<code>nn</code> |
|||
|| <code>nno</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| production |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-nno/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-nno/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-nno]] ([[languages]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Trondtr|Trondtr]], [[User:Unhammer|Unhammer]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-nob]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Bokmål]] |
|||
|| bokmål |
|||
||<code>nb</code> |
|||
|| <code>nob</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| production |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-nob/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-nob/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-nob]] ([[languages]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Trondtr|Trondtr]], [[User:Unhammer|Unhammer]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-dan]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Danish]] |
|||
|| dansk |
|||
||<code>da</code> |
|||
|| <code>dan</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| production |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-dan/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-dan/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-dan]] ([[languages]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Jacob Nordfalk|JacobEo]], Jonas |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-eng]]</code> |
|||
|| [[English]] |
|||
|| English |
|||
||<code>en</code> |
|||
|| <code>eng</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| production |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-eng/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-eng/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-eng]] ([[languages]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], marthab08, hrafn65, hloftsson, olafurw |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-nld]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Dutch]] |
|||
|| Nederlands |
|||
||<code>nl</code> |
|||
|| <code>nld</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| production |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-nld/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-nld/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-nld]] ([[languages]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], Teirlynck, Otte, Naudé |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-afr]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Afrikaans]] |
|||
|| Afrikaans |
|||
||<code>af</code> |
|||
|| <code>afr</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| production |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-en-af/stats|af-stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-en-af/stats|af-paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-en-af]] ([[staging]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], winterstream |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-deu]]</code> |
|||
|| [[German]] |
|||
|| Deutsch |
|||
||<code>de</code> |
|||
|| <code>deu</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| working |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-deu/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-deu/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-deu]] ([[incubator]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], ebenimeli, Jim Regan |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-swe]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Swedish]] |
|||
|| svenska |
|||
||<code>sv</code> |
|||
|| <code>swe</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| working |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-swe/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-swe/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-swe]] ([[languages]]) |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-isl]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Icelandic]] |
|||
|| íslenska |
|||
||<code>is</code> |
|||
|| <code>isl</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| development |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-isl/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-isl/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-isl]] ([[languages]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], Loftsson, Brandt, Sigurþórsson |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-sco]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Scots]] |
|||
|| Scots |
|||
||<code>-</code> |
|||
|| <code>sco</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| development |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-eng-sco/stats|sco-stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-eng-sco/stats|sco-paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-eng-sco]] ([[incubator]]) |
|||
|| Jim Regan |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-fao]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Faroese]] |
|||
|| føroyskt |
|||
||<code>fo</code> |
|||
|| <code>fao</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| development |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-fao/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-fao/stats|paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-fao]] ([[languages]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Trondtr|Trondtr]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-fry]]</code> |
|||
|| [[West Frisian]] |
|||
|| Frysk |
|||
||<code>fy</code> |
|||
|| <code>fry</code> |
|||
|| [[lttoolbox]] |
|||
|| prototype |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-nld-fry/stats|fry-stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-nld-fry/stats|fry-paradigms}} |
|||
|align="center"| |
|||
|| [[apertium-nld-fry]] ([[nursery]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| <code>[[apertium-yid]]</code> |
|||
|| [[Yiddish]] |
|||
|| ייִדיש |
|||
||<code>yi</code> |
|||
|| <code>yid</code> |
|||
|| [[hfst]] |
|||
|| prototype |
|||
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-yid/stats|stems}} |
|||
|align="right"| — |
|||
|align="center"| [[apertium-yid#Current_State|~{{:apertium-yid/stats/average}}%]] |
|||
|| [[apertium-yid]] ([[incubator]]) |
|||
|| [[User:Firespeaker|Jonathan]] |
|||
|} |
|||
===Pairs=== |
|||
Some Germanic languages that are particularly similar to one another (and hence have high levels of mutual intelligibility) include those in the following list: |
Some Germanic languages that are particularly similar to one another (and hence have high levels of mutual intelligibility) include those in the following list: |
||
* [[German]] and [[Luxemburgish]] |
* [[German]], [[Yiddish]], and [[Luxemburgish]] |
||
* [[Low German]], [[Dutch]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[West Frisian]] |
* [[Low German]], [[Dutch]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[West Frisian]] |
||
* [[Icelandic]] and [[Faroese]] |
* [[Icelandic]] and [[Faroese]] |
||
* [[Swedish]], [[Danish]], [[ Norwegian (Bokmål)]], [[Norwegian (Nynorsk)]] |
* [[Swedish]], [[Danish]], [[ Norwegian (Bokmål)]], [[Norwegian (Nynorsk)]] |
||
* [[English]] and [[Scots]] |
|||
====Table of Existing Pairs==== |
|||
Text in ''italics'' denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in nursery, while text in '''bold''' denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in '''''bold and italics''''' denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with [[dixcounter]] are displayed below. |
|||
{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable dixtable" |
|||
|- style="background: #ececec" |
|||
! !! dan !! nor !! swe !! fao !! isl !! deu !! nld !! afr !! fry !! eng !! nob !! nno !! sco |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''dan''' || - || '''[[Apertium-dan-nor|dan-nor]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-dan-nor/stats|dan-nor_stems}}''' || '''[[Apertium-swe-dan|swe-dan]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-swe-dan/stats|swe-dan_stems}}''' || ''[[Apertium-fao-dan|fao-dan]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fao-dan/stats|fao-dan_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-isl-dan|isl-dan]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-isl-dan/stats|isl-dan_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-deu-dan|deu-dan]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-deu-dan/stats|deu-dan_stems}} || || || || ''[[Apertium-da-en|da-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-da-en/stats|da-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''nor''' || '''[[Apertium-dan-nor|dan-nor]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-dan-nor/stats|dan-nor_stems}}''' || - || [[Apertium-swe-nor|swe-nor]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-swe-nor/stats|swe-nor_stems}} || || || || || || || [[Apertium-nor-eng|nor-eng]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-nor-eng/stats|nor-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''swe''' || '''[[Apertium-swe-dan|swe-dan]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-swe-dan/stats|swe-dan_stems}}''' || [[Apertium-swe-nor|swe-nor]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-swe-nor/stats|swe-nor_stems}} || - || || '''[[Apertium-is-sv|is-sv]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-is-sv/stats|is-sv_stems}}''' || ''[[Apertium-deu-swe|deu-swe]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-deu-swe/stats|deu-swe_stems}} || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''fao''' || ''[[Apertium-fao-dan|fao-dan]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fao-dan/stats|fao-dan_stems}} || || || - || [[Apertium-fo-is|fo-is]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fo-is/stats|fo-is_stems}} || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-fo-nb|fo-nb]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fo-nb/stats|fo-nb_stems}} || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''isl''' || ''[[Apertium-isl-dan|isl-dan]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-isl-dan/stats|isl-dan_stems}} || || '''[[Apertium-is-sv|is-sv]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-is-sv/stats|is-sv_stems}}''' || [[Apertium-fo-is|fo-is]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fo-is/stats|fo-is_stems}} || - || || || || || '''[[Apertium-isl-eng|isl-eng]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-isl-eng/stats|isl-eng_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''deu''' || ''[[Apertium-deu-dan|deu-dan]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-deu-dan/stats|deu-dan_stems}} || || ''[[Apertium-deu-swe|deu-swe]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-deu-swe/stats|deu-swe_stems}} || || || - || ''[[Apertium-deu-nld|deu-nld]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-deu-nld/stats|deu-nld_stems}} || || || ''[[Apertium-en-de|en-de]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-de/stats|en-de_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''nld''' || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-deu-nld|deu-nld]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-deu-nld/stats|deu-nld_stems}} || - || '''[[Apertium-af-nl|af-nl]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-af-nl/stats|af-nl_stems}}''' || [[Apertium-nld-fry|nld-fry]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-nld-fry/stats|nld-fry_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-en-nl|en-nl]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-nl/stats|en-nl_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''afr''' || || || || || || || '''[[Apertium-af-nl|af-nl]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-af-nl/stats|af-nl_stems}}''' || - || || [[Apertium-en-af|en-af]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-af/stats|en-af_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''fry''' || || || || || || || [[Apertium-nld-fry|nld-fry]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-nld-fry/stats|nld-fry_stems}} || || - || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''eng''' || ''[[Apertium-da-en|da-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-da-en/stats|da-en_stems}} || [[Apertium-nor-eng|nor-eng]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-nor-eng/stats|nor-eng_stems}} || || || '''[[Apertium-isl-eng|isl-eng]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-isl-eng/stats|isl-eng_stems}}''' || ''[[Apertium-en-de|en-de]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-de/stats|en-de_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-en-nl|en-nl]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-nl/stats|en-nl_stems}} || [[Apertium-en-af|en-af]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-af/stats|en-af_stems}} || || - || || || ''[[Apertium-eng-sco|eng-sco]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eng-sco/stats|eng-sco_stems}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''nob''' || || || || ''[[Apertium-fo-nb|fo-nb]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fo-nb/stats|fo-nb_stems}} || || || || || || || - || '''[[Apertium-nno-nob|nno-nob]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-nno-nob/stats|nno-nob_stems}}''' || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''nno''' || || || || || || || || || || || '''[[Apertium-nno-nob|nno-nob]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-nno-nob/stats|nno-nob_stems}}''' || - || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''sco''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-eng-sco|eng-sco]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eng-sco/stats|eng-sco_stems}} || || || - |
|||
|- |
|||
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''asm''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-asm-eng|asm-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-asm-eng/stats|asm-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''ben''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-bn-en|bn-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-bn-en/stats|bn-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''bul''' || || || || || || || || || || [[Apertium-bg-en|bg-en]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-bg-en/stats|bg-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''cat''' || || || || || || || || || || '''[[Apertium-en-ca|en-ca]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-en-ca/stats|en-ca_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''cym''' || || || || || || || || || || '''[[Apertium-cy-en|cy-en]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-cy-en/stats|cy-en_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''ell''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-ell-eng|ell-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ell-eng/stats|ell-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''epo''' || || || ''[[Apertium-eo-sv|eo-sv]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eo-sv/stats|eo-sv_stems}} || || || ''[[Apertium-eo-de|eo-de]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eo-de/stats|eo-de_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-eo-nl|eo-nl]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eo-nl/stats|eo-nl_stems}} || || || '''[[Apertium-eo-en|eo-en]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-eo-en/stats|eo-en_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''est''' || || ''[[Apertium-est-nor|est-nor]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-est-nor/stats|est-nor_stems}} || || || || || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''eus''' || || || || || || || || || || '''[[Apertium-eu-en|eu-en]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-eu-en/stats|eu-en_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''fin''' || || || ''[[Apertium-fin-swe|fin-swe]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fin-swe/stats|fin-swe_stems}} || || ''[[Apertium-fin-isl|fin-isl]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fin-isl/stats|fin-isl_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-fin-deu|fin-deu]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fin-deu/stats|fin-deu_stems}} || || || || [[Apertium-fin-eng|fin-eng]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fin-eng/stats|fin-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''fra''' || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-fr-nl|fr-nl]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fr-nl/stats|fr-nl_stems}} || || || ''[[Apertium-en-fr|en-fr]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-fr/stats|en-fr_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''gla''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-gd|en-gd]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-gd/stats|en-gd_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''gle''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-gle-eng|gle-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-gle-eng/stats|gle-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''glg''' || || || || || || || || || || '''[[Apertium-en-gl|en-gl]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-en-gl/stats|en-gl_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''glv''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-gv|en-gv]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-gv/stats|en-gv_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''hat''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-ht-en|ht-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ht-en/stats|ht-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''hbs''' || || || || || || || || || || '''[[Apertium-hbs-eng|hbs-eng]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-hbs-eng/stats|hbs-eng_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''hin''' || || || || || || || || || || [[Apertium-eng-hin|eng-hin]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eng-hin/stats|eng-hin_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''hun''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-hun-eng|hun-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-hun-eng/stats|hun-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''hye''' || || || || || || || || || || [[Apertium-hye-eng|hye-eng]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-hye-eng/stats|hye-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''ita''' || || ''[[Apertium-ita-nor|ita-nor]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ita-nor/stats|ita-nor_stems}} || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-it|en-it]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-it/stats|en-it_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''kaz''' || || || || || || || || || || '''''[[Apertium-eng-kaz|eng-kaz]]'''''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eng-kaz/stats|eng-kaz_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''kir''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-ky-en|ky-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ky-en/stats|ky-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''kmr''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-kmr-eng|kmr-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-kmr-eng/stats|kmr-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''lat''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-la-en|la-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-la-en/stats|la-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''lav''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-lv|en-lv]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-lv/stats|en-lv_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''lit''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-lt|en-lt]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-lt/stats|en-lt_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''ltz''' || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-deu-ltz|deu-ltz]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-deu-ltz/stats|deu-ltz_stems}} || || || || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''lvs''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-eng-lvs|eng-lvs]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eng-lvs/stats|eng-lvs_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''mal''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-mal-eng|mal-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mal-eng/stats|mal-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''mar''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-mar-eng|mar-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mar-eng/stats|mar-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''mfe''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-mfe-en|mfe-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mfe-en/stats|mfe-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''mkd''' || || || || || || || || || || '''[[Apertium-mk-en|mk-en]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-mk-en/stats|mk-en_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''mlt''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-mt/stats|en-mt_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''nep''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-ne-en|ne-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ne-en/stats|ne-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''pes''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-eng-pes|eng-pes]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eng-pes/stats|eng-pes_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''pol''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-pl|en-pl]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-pl/stats|en-pl_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''por''' || || || || || || || || || || [[Apertium-en-pt|en-pt]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-pt/stats|en-pt_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''rus''' || || || || || ''[[Apertium-isl-rus|isl-rus]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-isl-rus/stats|isl-rus_stems}} || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-ru|en-ru]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-ru/stats|en-ru_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''sah''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-sah-eng|sah-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-sah-eng/stats|sah-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''sin''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-si-en|si-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-si-en/stats|si-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''sjo''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-sjo-eng|sjo-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-sjo-eng/stats|sjo-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''slv''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-sl-en|sl-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-sl-en/stats|sl-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''sma''' || || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-sma-nob|sma-nob]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-sma-nob/stats|sma-nob_stems}} || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''sme''' || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-sme-deu|sme-deu]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-sme-deu/stats|sme-deu_stems}} || || || || || '''[[Apertium-sme-nob|sme-nob]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-sme-nob/stats|sme-nob_stems}}''' || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''smj''' || || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-smj-nob|smj-nob]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-smj-nob/stats|smj-nob_stems}} || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''spa''' || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-spa-deu|spa-deu]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-spa-deu/stats|spa-deu_stems}} || || || || '''[[Apertium-en-es|en-es]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-en-es/stats|en-es_stems}}''' || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''sqi''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-en-sq|en-sq]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-sq/stats|en-sq_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''swa''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-sw-en|sw-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-sw-en/stats|sw-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''tel''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-eng-tel|eng-tel]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eng-tel/stats|eng-tel_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''tgk''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-tg-en|tg-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-tg-en/stats|tg-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''tha''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-tha-eng|tha-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-tha-eng/stats|tha-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''tur''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-tr-en|tr-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-tr-en/stats|tr-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''vie''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-vi-en|vi-en]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-vi-en/stats|vi-en_stems}} || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''zlm''' || || || || || || || || || || ''[[Apertium-zlm-eng|zlm-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-zlm-eng/stats|zlm-eng_stems}} || || || |
|||
|} |
|||
==Classification== |
|||
All living Germanic languages belong either to the West Germanic or to the North Germanic branch: |
|||
* [[West Germanic]] |
|||
** [[High German]]: [[German]], [[Yiddish]], [[Luxembourgish]] |
|||
** Low German: West Low German, East Low German |
|||
** Low Franconian: [[Dutch]], [[Afrikaans]] |
|||
** [[Anglo-Frisian languages]]: |
|||
*** English group: [[English]], [[Scots]] |
|||
*** Frisian group: [[West Frisian]], Saterland Frisian, North Frisian |
|||
* [[North Germanic]] |
|||
** West Scandinavian: [[Norwegian]], [[Icelandic]], [[Faroese]] |
|||
** East Scandinavian: [[Danish]], [[Swedish]] |
|||
==Samples== |
|||
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: |
|||
''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' |
|||
{|class=wikitable |
{|class=wikitable |
||
! Language !! Text |
|||
!column1!!column2 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Danish || Alle mennesker er født frie og lige i værdighed og rettigheder. De er udstyret med fornuft og samvittighed, og de bør handle mod hverandre i en broderskabets ånd. |
|||
|cell1||cell2 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Swedish || Alla människor äro födda fria och lika i värde och rättigheter. De äro utrustade med förnuft och samvete och böra handla gentemot varandra i en anda av broderskap. |
|||
|cell3||cell4 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Faroese || Øll menniskju eru fødd fræls og jøvn til virðingar og mannarættindi. Tey hava skil og samvitsku og eiga at fara hvørt um annað í bróðuranda. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Icelandic || Hver maður er borinn frjáls og jafn öðrum að virðingu og réttindum. Menn eru gæddir vitsmunum og samvizku, og ber þeim að breyta bróðurlega hverjum við annan. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| English || All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Scots || Aw human sowels is born free and equal in dignity and richts. They are tochered wi mense and conscience and shuld guide theirsels ane til ither in a speirit o britherheid. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Luxembourgeois || All Mënsch kënnt fräi a mat deer selwechter Dignitéit an dene selwechte Rechter op d'Welt. Jiddereen huet säi Verstand a säi Gewësse krut an soll an engem Geescht vu Bridderlechkeet denen anere géintiwwer handelen. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Yiddish, Eastern |
|||
|align="right"| יעדער מענטש װערט געבױרן פֿרײַ און גלײַך אין כּבֿוד און רעכט. יעדער װערט באַשאָנקן מיט פֿאַרשטאַנד און געװיסן; יעדער זאָל זיך פֿירן מיט אַ צװײטן אין אַ געמיט פֿון ברודערשאַפֿט.<br /> |
|||
(Yeder mentš vert geboyrn fray un glayx in koved un rext. Yeder vert bašonkn mit farštand un gevisn; yeder zol zix firn mit a cvaytn in a gemit fun bruderšaft.) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Afrikaans || Alle menslike wesens word vry, met gelyke waardigheid en regte, gebore. Hulle het rede en gewete en behoort in die gees van broederskap teenoor mekaar op te tree. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Dutch || Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheid en rechten geboren. Zij zijn begiftigd met verstand en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broederschap te gedragen. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Saxon, Low || All de Minschen sünd frie un gliek an Wüürd un Rechten baren. Se hebbt Vernunft un een Geweten un se schüllt sik Bröder sien. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Norwegian, Nynorsk || Alle menneske er fødde til fridom og med same menneskeverd og menneskerettar. Dei har fått fornuft og samvit og skal leve med kvarandre som brør. |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Norwegian, Bokmaal || Alle mennesker er født frie og med samme menneskeverd og menneskerettigheter. De er utstyrt med fornuft og samvittighet og bør handle mot hverandre i brorskapets ånd. |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
==Vulnerability== |
|||
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Germanic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas]’ and [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue]. |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
!rowspan=2| Language |
|||
!rowspan=2| ISO639-3 |
|||
!rowspan=2| Location |
|||
!rowspan=2| Speakers |
|||
!colspan=2|Status |
|||
|-class="sortbottom" |
|||
! Ethnologue |
|||
! UNESCO |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Frankish |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/frk frk]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 0 |
|||
|| 10 (Extinct) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Wymysorys |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/wym wym]</code> |
|||
|| Poland |
|||
|align="right"| 70 |
|||
|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Frisian, Eastern |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/frs frs]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 5,120 |
|||
|| 8a (Moribund) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Saterfriesisch |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/stq stq]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 1,000 |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| German, Colonia Tovar |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gct gct]</code> |
|||
|| Venezuela |
|||
|align="right"| 1,500 |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Yiddish, Western |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yih yih]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 5,400 |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Frisian, Northern |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/frr frr]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 10,000 |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Hunsrik |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hrx hrx]</code> |
|||
|| Brazil |
|||
|align="right"| 3,000,000 |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Walser |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/wae wae]</code> |
|||
|| Switzerland |
|||
|align="right"| 22,780 |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Vlaams |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/vls vls]</code> |
|||
|| Belgium |
|||
|align="right"| 1,204,000 |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Mócheno |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mhn mhn]</code> |
|||
|| Italy |
|||
|align="right"| 1,900 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Cimbrian |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cim cim]</code> |
|||
|| Italy |
|||
|align="right"| 2,230 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Silesian, Lower |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sli sli]</code> |
|||
|| Poland |
|||
|align="right"| 22,900 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Hutterisch |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/geh geh]</code> |
|||
|| Canada |
|||
|align="right"| 40,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Kölsch |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ksh ksh]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 250,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Jutish |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/jut jut]</code> |
|||
|| Germany, Denmark |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Pfaelzisch |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pfl pfl]</code> |
|||
|| Germany, France |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| 1 (Vulnerable) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Saxon, Low |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nds nds]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 1,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| German, Pennsylvania |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pdc pdc]</code> |
|||
|| United States |
|||
|align="right"| 133,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Zeeuws |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/zea zea]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| 220,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Plautdietsch |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pdt pdt]</code> |
|||
|| Canada & Ukraine |
|||
|align="right"| 394,900 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Gronings |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gos gos]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| 592,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Swabian |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/swg swg]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 819,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Saxon, Upper |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sxu sxu]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 2,000,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Mainfränkisch |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/vmf vmf]</code> |
|||
|| Germany, Czech Republic |
|||
|align="right"| 4,910,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| 1 (Vulnerable) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| German, Swiss |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gsw gsw]</code> |
|||
|| Switzerland |
|||
|align="right"| 6,469,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Bavarian |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bar bar]</code> |
|||
|| Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Czech Republic |
|||
|align="right"| 13,259,000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| 1 (Vulnerable) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Achterhoeks |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/act act]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Drents |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/drt drt]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Sallands |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sdz sdz]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Stellingwerfs |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/stl stl]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Twents |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/twd twd]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Veluws |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/vel vel]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Westphalien |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/wep wep]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Scots |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sco sco]</code> |
|||
|| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
|||
|align="right"| 100,000 |
|||
|| 4 (Educational) |
|||
|| 1 (Vulnerable) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Luxembourgeois |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ltz ltz]</code> |
|||
|| Germany, Belgium, France, Luxembourg |
|||
|align="right"| 320,710 |
|||
|| 4 (Educational) |
|||
|| 1 (Vulnerable) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Yiddish, Eastern |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ydd ydd]</code> |
|||
|| Israel & Germany, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Ukraine |
|||
|align="right"| 1,505,030 |
|||
|| 4 (Educational) |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Faroese |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fao fao]</code> |
|||
|| Denmark & Faroe Islands |
|||
|align="right"| 66,150 |
|||
|| 2 (Provincial) |
|||
|| 1 (Vulnerable) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Frisian, Western |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fry fry]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| 467,000 |
|||
|| 2 (Provincial) |
|||
|| 1 (Vulnerable) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Limburgish |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lim lim]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| 1,300,000 |
|||
|| 2 (Provincial) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Icelandic |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/isl isl]</code> |
|||
|| Iceland |
|||
|align="right"| 243,840 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Norwegian |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nor nor]</code> |
|||
|| Norway |
|||
|align="right"| 4,741,780 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Afrikaans |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/afr afr]</code> |
|||
|| South Africa |
|||
|align="right"| 4,949,410 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Danish |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dan dan]</code> |
|||
|| Denmark |
|||
|align="right"| 5,592,490 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Swedish |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/swe swe]</code> |
|||
|| Sweden |
|||
|align="right"| 8,381,829 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Dutch |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nld nld]</code> |
|||
|| Netherlands |
|||
|align="right"| 22,984,690 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| German, Standard |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/deu deu]</code> |
|||
|| Germany |
|||
|align="right"| 83,812,810 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| English |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/eng eng]</code> |
|||
|| United Kingdom |
|||
|align="right"| 334,800,758 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|} |
|||
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages "Germanic languages"], which is released under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0]. |
|||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
Line 51: | Line 761: | ||
* [[Romance languages]] |
* [[Romance languages]] |
||
* [[Translation problems between romance and germanic languages]] |
* [[Translation problems between romance and germanic languages]] |
||
[[Category:Language families]] |
|||
[[Category:Germanic languages]] |
Latest revision as of 06:16, 28 December 2018
The Germanic languages (gem) constitute a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Europe, Anglo-America and Australasia. The common ancestor of all the languages is called Proto-Germanic, which was spoken approximately in the mid-1st millenium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Of the over 50 different Germanic languages, the most widely spoken are English, German, and Dutch with over 450 million speakers in total.
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
Status[edit]
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Germanic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
Transducers[edit]
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".
name | language | native name | ISO 639 | formalism | state | stems | paradigms | coverage | location | primary authors | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-2 | -3 | ||||||||||
apertium-nno
|
Nynorsk | nynorsk | nn
|
nno
|
lttoolbox | production | 182,497 | 1,192 | apertium-nno (languages) | Fran, Trondtr, Unhammer | |
apertium-nob
|
Bokmål | bokmål | nb
|
nob
|
lttoolbox | production | 246,281 | 1,194 | apertium-nob (languages) | Fran, Trondtr, Unhammer | |
apertium-dan
|
Danish | dansk | da
|
dan
|
lttoolbox | production | 52,133 | 626 | apertium-dan (languages) | Fran, JacobEo, Jonas | |
apertium-eng
|
English | English | en
|
eng
|
lttoolbox | production | 62,609 | 392 | apertium-eng (languages) | Fran, marthab08, hrafn65, hloftsson, olafurw | |
apertium-nld
|
Dutch | Nederlands | nl
|
nld
|
lttoolbox | production | 25,079 | 1,095 | apertium-nld (languages) | Fran, Teirlynck, Otte, Naudé | |
apertium-afr
|
Afrikaans | Afrikaans | af
|
afr
|
lttoolbox | production | apertium-en-af (staging) | Fran, winterstream | |||
apertium-deu
|
German | Deutsch | de
|
deu
|
lttoolbox | working | 74,339 | 1,427 | apertium-deu (incubator) | Fran, ebenimeli, Jim Regan | |
apertium-swe
|
Swedish | svenska | sv
|
swe
|
lttoolbox | working | 138,490 | 1,834 | apertium-swe (languages) | ? | |
apertium-isl
|
Icelandic | íslenska | is
|
isl
|
lttoolbox | development | 8,770 | 1,878 | apertium-isl (languages) | Fran, Loftsson, Brandt, Sigurþórsson | |
apertium-sco
|
Scots | Scots | -
|
sco
|
lttoolbox | development | apertium-eng-sco (incubator) | Jim Regan | |||
apertium-fao
|
Faroese | føroyskt | fo
|
fao
|
lttoolbox | development | 2,318 | 278 | apertium-fao (languages) | Trondtr | |
apertium-fry
|
West Frisian | Frysk | fy
|
fry
|
lttoolbox | prototype | apertium-nld-fry (nursery) | Fran | |||
apertium-yid
|
Yiddish | ייִדיש | yi
|
yid
|
hfst | prototype | 378 | — | ~62.5% | apertium-yid (incubator) | Jonathan |
Pairs[edit]
Some Germanic languages that are particularly similar to one another (and hence have high levels of mutual intelligibility) include those in the following list:
- German, Yiddish, and Luxemburgish
- Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans and West Frisian
- Icelandic and Faroese
- Swedish, Danish, Norwegian (Bokmål), Norwegian (Nynorsk)
- English and Scots
Table of Existing Pairs[edit]
Text in italics denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in nursery, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in bold and italics denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with dixcounter are displayed below.
dan | nor | swe | fao | isl | deu | nld | afr | fry | eng | nob | nno | sco | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dan | - | dan-nor 54,742 |
swe-dan 21,791 |
fao-dan ? |
isl-dan 971 |
deu-dan 8,152 |
da-en 1,627 |
||||||
nor | dan-nor 54,742 |
- | swe-nor 66,856 |
nor-eng 24,387 |
|||||||||
swe | swe-dan 21,791 |
swe-nor 66,856 |
- | is-sv 7,729 |
deu-swe 1,893 |
||||||||
fao | fao-dan ? |
- | fo-is 896 |
fo-nb ? |
|||||||||
isl | isl-dan 971 |
is-sv 7,729 |
fo-is 896 |
- | isl-eng 21,905 |
||||||||
deu | deu-dan 8,152 |
deu-swe 1,893 |
- | deu-nld 11,768 |
en-de 569 |
||||||||
nld | deu-nld 11,768 |
- | af-nl 6,263 |
nld-fry 205 |
en-nl 3,442 |
||||||||
afr | af-nl 6,263 |
- | en-af 6,590 |
||||||||||
fry | nld-fry 205 |
- | |||||||||||
eng | da-en 1,627 |
nor-eng 24,387 |
isl-eng 21,905 |
en-de 569 |
en-nl 3,442 |
en-af 6,590 |
- | eng-sco 172 | |||||
nob | fo-nb ? |
- | nno-nob 69,479 |
||||||||||
nno | nno-nob 69,479 |
- | |||||||||||
sco | eng-sco 172 |
- | |||||||||||
asm | asm-eng ? |
||||||||||||
ben | bn-en 7,497 |
||||||||||||
bul | bg-en 10,242 |
||||||||||||
cat | en-ca 35,873 |
||||||||||||
cym | cy-en 11,608 |
||||||||||||
ell | ell-eng 830 |
||||||||||||
epo | eo-sv 4,013 |
eo-de 28,656 |
eo-nl 18,027 |
eo-en 32,337 |
|||||||||
est | est-nor ? |
||||||||||||
eus | eu-en 14,356 |
||||||||||||
fin | fin-swe 1,893 |
fin-isl 1,000 |
fin-deu 7037 |
fin-eng 159,257 |
|||||||||
fra | fr-nl 1,744 |
en-fr 13,455 |
|||||||||||
gla | en-gd 862 |
||||||||||||
gle | gle-eng 1,598 |
||||||||||||
glg | en-gl 30,049 |
||||||||||||
glv | en-gv 40 |
||||||||||||
hat | ht-en 1,985 |
||||||||||||
hbs | hbs-eng 16,228 |
||||||||||||
hin | eng-hin 39,242 |
||||||||||||
hun | hun-eng 1,253 |
||||||||||||
hye | hye-eng 12,218 |
||||||||||||
ita | ita-nor ? |
en-it 21,067 |
|||||||||||
kaz | eng-kaz 16,931 |
||||||||||||
kir | ky-en ? |
||||||||||||
kmr | kmr-eng 15,563 |
||||||||||||
lat | la-en 131 |
||||||||||||
lav | en-lv ? |
||||||||||||
lit | en-lt 96 |
||||||||||||
ltz | deu-ltz ? |
||||||||||||
lvs | eng-lvs 2,694 |
||||||||||||
mal | mal-eng 9,095 |
||||||||||||
mar | mar-eng 102 |
||||||||||||
mfe | mfe-en 35 |
||||||||||||
mkd | mk-en 33,350 |
||||||||||||
mlt | en-mt 814 |
||||||||||||
nep | ne-en 163 |
||||||||||||
pes | eng-pes ? |
||||||||||||
pol | en-pl 6,541 |
||||||||||||
por | en-pt 6,828 |
||||||||||||
rus | isl-rus 52 |
en-ru ? |
|||||||||||
sah | sah-eng ? |
||||||||||||
sin | si-en 80 |
||||||||||||
sjo | sjo-eng ? |
||||||||||||
slv | sl-en 313 |
||||||||||||
sma | sma-nob ? |
||||||||||||
sme | sme-deu 6 |
sme-nob 74,763 |
|||||||||||
smj | smj-nob ? |
||||||||||||
spa | spa-deu ? |
'en-es ' |
|||||||||||
sqi | en-sq 580 |
||||||||||||
swa | sw-en 15 |
||||||||||||
tel | eng-tel 1 |
||||||||||||
tgk | tg-en ? |
||||||||||||
tha | tha-eng ? |
||||||||||||
tur | tr-en 171 |
||||||||||||
vie | vi-en 33 |
||||||||||||
zlm | zlm-eng ? |
Classification[edit]
All living Germanic languages belong either to the West Germanic or to the North Germanic branch:
- West Germanic
- High German: German, Yiddish, Luxembourgish
- Low German: West Low German, East Low German
- Low Franconian: Dutch, Afrikaans
- Anglo-Frisian languages:
- English group: English, Scots
- Frisian group: West Frisian, Saterland Frisian, North Frisian
- North Germanic
Samples[edit]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Language | Text |
---|---|
Danish | Alle mennesker er født frie og lige i værdighed og rettigheder. De er udstyret med fornuft og samvittighed, og de bør handle mod hverandre i en broderskabets ånd. |
Swedish | Alla människor äro födda fria och lika i värde och rättigheter. De äro utrustade med förnuft och samvete och böra handla gentemot varandra i en anda av broderskap. |
Faroese | Øll menniskju eru fødd fræls og jøvn til virðingar og mannarættindi. Tey hava skil og samvitsku og eiga at fara hvørt um annað í bróðuranda. |
Icelandic | Hver maður er borinn frjáls og jafn öðrum að virðingu og réttindum. Menn eru gæddir vitsmunum og samvizku, og ber þeim að breyta bróðurlega hverjum við annan. |
English | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Scots | Aw human sowels is born free and equal in dignity and richts. They are tochered wi mense and conscience and shuld guide theirsels ane til ither in a speirit o britherheid. |
Luxembourgeois | All Mënsch kënnt fräi a mat deer selwechter Dignitéit an dene selwechte Rechter op d'Welt. Jiddereen huet säi Verstand a säi Gewësse krut an soll an engem Geescht vu Bridderlechkeet denen anere géintiwwer handelen. |
Yiddish, Eastern | יעדער מענטש װערט געבױרן פֿרײַ און גלײַך אין כּבֿוד און רעכט. יעדער װערט באַשאָנקן מיט פֿאַרשטאַנד און געװיסן; יעדער זאָל זיך פֿירן מיט אַ צװײטן אין אַ געמיט פֿון ברודערשאַפֿט. (Yeder mentš vert geboyrn fray un glayx in koved un rext. Yeder vert bašonkn mit farštand un gevisn; yeder zol zix firn mit a cvaytn in a gemit fun bruderšaft.) |
Afrikaans | Alle menslike wesens word vry, met gelyke waardigheid en regte, gebore. Hulle het rede en gewete en behoort in die gees van broederskap teenoor mekaar op te tree. |
Dutch | Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheid en rechten geboren. Zij zijn begiftigd met verstand en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broederschap te gedragen. |
Saxon, Low | All de Minschen sünd frie un gliek an Wüürd un Rechten baren. Se hebbt Vernunft un een Geweten un se schüllt sik Bröder sien. |
Norwegian, Nynorsk | Alle menneske er fødde til fridom og med same menneskeverd og menneskerettar. Dei har fått fornuft og samvit og skal leve med kvarandre som brør. |
Norwegian, Bokmaal | Alle mennesker er født frie og med samme menneskeverd og menneskerettigheter. De er utstyrt med fornuft og samvittighet og bør handle mot hverandre i brorskapets ånd. |
Vulnerability[edit]
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Germanic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.
Language | ISO639-3 | Location | Speakers | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnologue | UNESCO | ||||
Frankish | frk
|
Germany | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Wymysorys | wym
|
Poland | 70 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Frisian, Eastern | frs
|
Germany | 5,120 | 8a (Moribund) | - |
Saterfriesisch | stq
|
Germany | 1,000 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
German, Colonia Tovar | gct
|
Venezuela | 1,500 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Yiddish, Western | yih
|
Germany | 5,400 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Frisian, Northern | frr
|
Germany | 10,000 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Hunsrik | hrx
|
Brazil | 3,000,000 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Walser | wae
|
Switzerland | 22,780 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
Vlaams | vls
|
Belgium | 1,204,000 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
Mócheno | mhn
|
Italy | 1,900 | 6a (Vigorous) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Cimbrian | cim
|
Italy | 2,230 | 6a (Vigorous) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Silesian, Lower | sli
|
Poland | 22,900 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Hutterisch | geh
|
Canada | 40,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Kölsch | ksh
|
Germany | 250,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Jutish | jut
|
Germany, Denmark | ? | 6a (Vigorous) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Pfaelzisch | pfl
|
Germany, France | ? | 6a (Vigorous) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Saxon, Low | nds
|
Germany | 1,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
German, Pennsylvania | pdc
|
United States | 133,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Zeeuws | zea
|
Netherlands | 220,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Plautdietsch | pdt
|
Canada & Ukraine | 394,900 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Gronings | gos
|
Netherlands | 592,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Swabian | swg
|
Germany | 819,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Saxon, Upper | sxu
|
Germany | 2,000,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Mainfränkisch | vmf
|
Germany, Czech Republic | 4,910,000 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
German, Swiss | gsw
|
Switzerland | 6,469,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Bavarian | bar
|
Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Czech Republic | 13,259,000 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Achterhoeks | act
|
Netherlands | ? | 5 (Developing) | - |
Drents | drt
|
Netherlands | ? | 5 (Developing) | - |
Sallands | sdz
|
Netherlands | ? | 5 (Developing) | - |
Stellingwerfs | stl
|
Netherlands | ? | 5 (Developing) | - |
Twents | twd
|
Netherlands | ? | 5 (Developing) | - |
Veluws | vel
|
Netherlands | ? | 5 (Developing) | - |
Westphalien | wep
|
Germany | ? | 5 (Developing) | - |
Scots | sco
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 100,000 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Luxembourgeois | ltz
|
Germany, Belgium, France, Luxembourg | 320,710 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Yiddish, Eastern | ydd
|
Israel & Germany, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Ukraine | 1,505,030 | 4 (Educational) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Faroese | fao
|
Denmark & Faroe Islands | 66,150 | 2 (Provincial) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Frisian, Western | fry
|
Netherlands | 467,000 | 2 (Provincial) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
Limburgish | lim
|
Netherlands | 1,300,000 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
Icelandic | isl
|
Iceland | 243,840 | 1 (National) | - |
Norwegian | nor
|
Norway | 4,741,780 | 1 (National) | - |
Afrikaans | afr
|
South Africa | 4,949,410 | 1 (National) | - |
Danish | dan
|
Denmark | 5,592,490 | 1 (National) | - |
Swedish | swe
|
Sweden | 8,381,829 | 1 (National) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Dutch | nld
|
Netherlands | 22,984,690 | 1 (National) | - |
German, Standard | deu
|
Germany | 83,812,810 | 1 (National) | - |
English | eng
|
United Kingdom | 334,800,758 | 1 (National) | - |
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Germanic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.