Ideas for Google Summer of Code

This is the ideas page for Google Summer of Code, here you can find ideas on interesting projects that would make Apertium more useful for people and improve or expand our functionality. If you have an idea please add it below, if you think you could mentor someone in a particular area, add your name to "Interested mentors" using ~~~

The page is intended as an overview of the kind of projects we have in mind. If one of them particularly piques your interest, please come and discuss with us on #apertium on irc.freenode.net, mail the mailing list, or draw attention to yourself in some other way.

Note that, if you have an idea that isn't mentioned here, we would be very interested to hear about it.

Here are some more things you could look at:

• the open bugs page on Bugzilla
• pages in the development category
• resources that could be converted or expanded in the incubator.
• Unhammer's wishlist

List

Note: The table below is sortable by column. Click on the little squares below or next to the headers.

Task	Difficulty	Description	Rationale	Requirements	Interested mentors
Morphology with HFST (and Foma) read more...	3. Medium	Modify the Helsinki Finite State Toolkit to work nicely with Apertium (the Apertium stream format, Superblanks etc.). That will involve implementing the tokenise-as-you-analyse algorithm as presented in this paper. For bonus points, do the same for Foma.	The Helsinki Finite State Toolkit provides a drop-in replacement for the Xerox lexc and twol formalisms. There are many morphological analysers/generators "in the wild" written in these formalisms, and they provide substantial features for dealing with morphologically complex languages.	C++, Knowledge of FSTs	Francis Tyers, Tommi Pirinen, Trondtr
Java port of Apertium runtime	3. Medium	We have a Java version of 3/4 of the core elements of Apertium. Do the rest and integrate. This consists mainly of porting the HMM tagger (some parts have already been ported, HMM and loading of data is incomplete and untested). You can read more on: Java port of Apertium runtime	A "Java port" of Apertium would enable use on J2ME/Android phones, web pages (applets), desktop application, Java server applications.	Java (reading C++ code required)	Jacob Nordfalk, Jimregan
Easy dictionary maintenance read more...	2. Hard	Write code that simplifies the maintenance of the single-word part of Apertium monolingual and bilingual dictionaries.	Apertium dictionaries are very heterogeneous, but a great part of the development of a language pair consists in adding single words to monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, and, indeed, work on this part of the dictionaries is crucial for coverage and usefulness. Currently, dictionary maintenance is difficult because it involves editing an XML file. This may be slowing down the development of many language pairs.	Knowledge of XML, XSLT and one programming language that allows XML processing and easy writing of a user interface. The task may involve building an application that (a) parses and reads the open-class (noun, adjective, verb) single-word part of the dictionary amenable to simple, data-base-like treatment, saving the remaining (hard to treat) part of the dictionaries, (b) allows the user to easily add words (together with their inflection paradigms) through a friendly user interface and (c) then combines the extended single-word data with the remaining data into Apertium monolingual and bilingual dictionaries ready to be compiled. Ideas and code from Apertium-dixtools could be useful.	Mlforcada, Jimregan, Jacob Nordfalk, Japerez
Discontiguous multiwords read more...	3. Medium	The task will be to develop, or adapt a module to deal with these kind of contiguous multiword expressions, for example, taking 'liggja ekki fyrir' and reordering it as 'liggja# fyrir ekki'.	In many languages, such as English, Norwegian and Icelandic, there are discontiguous multiwords, e.g. phrasal verbs, that we cannot easily support. For example 'liggja ekki fyrir' in Icelandic should be translated in English as 'to be not clear', but we cannot have 'liggja fyrir' as a traditional multiword because of the extra 'adverb', or it could even be a whole NP.	C++, Knowledge of FSTs	Francis Tyers, Jimregan
Flag diacritics in lttoolbox read more...	2. Hard	Adapt lttoolbox to elegantly use flag diacritics. Flag diacritics are a way of avoiding transducer size blow-up by discarding impossible paths at runtime as opposed to compile time.	This will involve designing some changes to our XML dictionary format (see lttoolbox, and implementing the associated changes in the FST compiling processing code. The reason behind this is that many languages have prefix inflection, and we cannot currently deal with this without either making paradigms useless, or overanalysing (e.g. returning analyses where none exist). Flag diacritics (or constraints) would allow us to restrict overanalysis without blowing up the size of our dictionaries.	C++, XML, Knowledge of FSTs	Francis Tyers, Jacob Nordfalk
Flag diacritics in lttoolbox-java read more...	2. Hard	Adapt lttoolbox-java to elegantly use flag diacritics. Flag diacritics are a way of avoiding transducer size blow-up by discarding impossible paths at runtime as opposed to compile time.	This will involve designing some changes to our XML dictionary format (see lttoolbox, and implementing the associated changes in the FST compiling processing code. The reason behind this is that many languages have prefix inflection, and we cannot currently deal with this without either making paradigms useless, or overanalysing (e.g. returning analyses where none exist). Flag diacritics (or constraints) would allow us to restrict overanalysis without blowing up the size of our dictionaries.	Java, XML, Knowledge of FSTs	Jacob Nordfalk
Linguistically-driven bilingual-phrase filtering for inferring transfer rules	3. Medium	Re-working apertium-transfer-training-tools to filter the set of bilingual phrases automatically obtained from a word-aligned sentence pair by using linguistic criteria.	Apertium-transfer-training-tools is a cool piece of software that generates shallow-transfer rules from aligned parallel corpora. It could greatly speed up the creation of new language pairs by generating rules that would otherwise have to be written by human linguists	C++, general knowledge of GIZA++, Perl considered a plus.	Jimregan
Context-dependent lexicalised categories for inferring transfer rules	2. Hard	Re-working apertium-transfer-training-tools to use context-dependent lexicalised categories in the inference of shallow-transfer rules.	Apertium-transfer-training-tools generates shallow-transfer rules from aligned parallel corpora. It uses an small set of lexicalised categories, categories that are usually involved in lexical changes, such as prepositions, pronouns or auxiliary verbs. Lexicalised categories differentiate from the rest of categories because their lemmas are taken into account in the generation of rules.	C++, general knowledge of GIZA++, XML.	Jimregan
Improve integration of lttoolbox in libvoikko read more...	3. Medium	Dictionaries from lttoolbox can now be used for spellchecking directly with libvoikko (see Spell checking). The idea of this project is to improve the integration. Fix bugs, look at ways of codifying "standard"/"sub-standard" forms in our dictionaries.	Spell checkers can be useful, for languages other than English moreso. They are one of the "must have" items of language technology. If we can re-use Apertium data for this purpose it will help both the project (by making creating new language pairs more rewarding) and the language communities (by making more useful software).	XML, C++.	Francis Tyers
Complex multiwords	2. Hard	Write a bidirectional module for specifying complex multiword units, for example dirección general and zračna luka. See Multiwords for more information.	Although in the Romance languages it is not a big problem, as soon as you start to get to languages with cases (e.g. Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, German, etc.) the problem comes that you can't define a multiword of adj nom because the adjective has a lot of inflection.	Java or C++, XML	Jimregan
Adopt a language pair read more...	4. Entry level	Take on an orphaned language pair, and bring it up to release quality results. What this quality will be will depend on the language pair adopted, and will need to be discussed with the prospective mentor. This will involve writing linguistic data (including morphological rules and transfer rules — which are specified in a declarative language)	Apertium has a few pairs of languages (e.g. sh-mk, en-af, ga-gd, etc...) that are orphaned, they don't have active maintainers. A lot of these pairs have a lot of work already put in, just need another few months to get them to release quality. See also Incubator	XML, a scripting language (Python, Perl), good knowledge of the language pair adopted.	Francis Tyers, Jimregan, Kevin Scannell, Trondtr, Niunniminuni, Unhammer
Post-edition tool	3. Medium	Make a post-edition tool to speed up revision of Apertium translations. It would likely include at least support for spelling and grammar checking, along with defining user-specified rules for fixing translations (search and replace, etc.). This tool can reuse an existing grammar checker such as LanguageTool.	After translating with Apertium revision work has to be done to consider a translation as an "adequate" translation. An intelligent post-edition environment will help doing this task. In this environment some typical mistakes in the translation process that can be automatically detected (for example unknown words and homographs) could be highlighted to be taken in consideration while doing post-edition. Some typical mistakes could also be defined to advise the post-editor to check them. The application could be more useful if it is built as a web application.	XML, PHP, Python, Java, C, C++, whichever programming language, platforms for building web applications.	Japerez, Jimregan, villarejo
Detect 'hidden' unknown words read more...	3. Medium	The part-of-speech tagger of Apertium can be modified to work out the likelihood of each 'tag' in a certain context, this can be used to detect missing entries in the dictionary.	Apertium dictionaries may have incomplete entries, that is, surface forms (lexical units as they appear in running texts) for which the dictionary does not provided all the possible lexical forms (consisting of lemma, part-of-speech and morphological inflection information). As those surface form for which there is at least one lexical form cannot be considered unknown words, it is difficult to know whether all lexical forms for a given surface form have been included in the dictionaries or not. This feature will detect 'possible' missing lexical forms for those surface forms in the dictionaries.	C++ if you plan to modify the part-of-speech tagger; whatever if rewriting it from scratch.	Felipe Sánchez-Martínez
Format filters	4. Entry level	Making apertium capable of dealing with more different formats, for the minimum: files marked up with LaTeX and MediaWiki.	Apertium can currently deal with texts in plain-text, RTF, HTML and ODT formats by means of a format definition file. It should be easy to use the same language to define filters for other formats.	Apertium format definition language and/or scripting languages.	Villarejo
Geriaoueg vocabulary assistant	4. Entry level	Extend Geriaoueg so that it works more reliably with broken HTML and with any given language pair.	Geriaoueg is a program that provides "popup" vocabulary assistance, something like BBC Vocab or Lingro. Currently it only works with Breton--French, Welsh--English and Spanish--Breton. This task would be to develop it to work with any language in our SVN and fix problems with processing and displaying non-standard HTML.	PHP, C++, XML	Francis Tyers
Corpus-assisted dictionary expansion	4. Entry level	Semi-automatic bilingual word equivalence retrieval from a bitext and a monolingual word list.	Improve an existing Python script to retrieve the best translations (suggestions) of a word (typically an unknown word) given a particular parallel text corpus. Perhaps combine the result with automatic paradigm guessing (also suggestions) to improve the productivity of the lexical work for most contributors	Python, C/C++, AWK, Bash, perhaps web interface in PHP, Python, Ruby on Rails	Sortiz, Jimregan, Villarejo
Improvements to target-language tagger training read more...	2. Hard	Modify apertium-tagger-training-tools so that it can deals with n-stage transfer rules when segmenting the input source-language text, and applies a k-best viterbi pruning approach that does not require to compute the a-priori likelihood of every disambiguation path before pruning.	apertium-tagger-training-tools is a program for doing target-language tagger training, meaning it improves POS tagging performance specifically for the translation task, achieving a result for unsupervised training comparable with supervised training. This task would also require switching the default perl-based language model to either IRSTLM or RandLM (or both!).	C++, XML, XSLT	Felipe Sánchez-Martínez
Accent and diacritic restoration read more...	3. Medium	Create an optional module to restore diacritics and accents on input text, and integrate it into the Apertium pipeline.	Many languages use diacritics and accents in normal writing, and Apertium is designed to use these, however in some places, especially for example. instant messaging, irc, searching in the web etc. these are often not used or untyped. This causes problems as for the engine, traduccion is not the same as traducción.	C, C++, XML, familiarity with linguistic issues	Kevin Scannell, Trondtr
VM for the transfer module read more...	3. Medium	VM for the current transfer architecture of Apertium and for the future transfers, pure C++	Define an instruction set for a virtual machine that processes transfer code, then implement a prototype in Python, then porting to C++. The rationale behind this is that XML tree-walking is quite slow and CPU intensive. In modern (3 or more stage) pairs, transfer takes up most of the CPU. There are other options, like Bytecode for transfer, but we would like something that does not require external libraries and is adapted specifically for Apertium.	Python, C/C++, XML, XSLT, code optimisation, JIT techniques, etc.	Sortiz
Hybrid MT	2. Hard	Building Apertium-Marclator rule-based/corpus-based hybrids	Both the rule-based machine translation system Apertium and the corpus-based machine translation system Marclator do some kind of chunking of the input as well as use a relatively straightforward left-to-right machine translation strategy. This has been explored before but there are other ways to organize hybridization which should be explored (the mentor is haopy to discuss). Hybridization may make it easier to adapt Apertium to a particular corpus by using chunk pairs derived from it.	Knowledge of Java, C++, and scripting languages, and appreciation for research-like coding projects	Mlforcada, Jimregan

Further reading

Transfer rule learning

• Sánchez-Martínez, F. and Forcada, M.L. (2009) "Inferring shallow-transfer machine translation rules from small parallel corpora" In Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. volume 34, p. 605-635.

Target-language driven part-of-speech tagger training

• Sánchez-Martínez, F.; Pérez-Ortiz, J.A. and Forcada, M.L. (2008) "Using target-language information to train part-of-speech taggers for machine translation". In Machine Translation, volume 22, numbers 1-2, p. 29-66.