Kashmiri
| Kaeshir (Kashmiri) | |
|---|---|
| Family: | Indo-Aryan |
| ISO Codes: | ks / kas / kas |
| Incubator: | apertium-kas |
| Language pairs: | {{{pairs}}} |
Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kashmir Valley and regions around it that were historically a part of various kingdoms based in Kashmir. Kashmiri shares some common vocabulary with other Indo-Aryan languages of India and Pakistan such as Hindi and Punjabi, yet, probably due to its unique isolationist topography and history, has developed features of its own, such as a word order (syntax) different from the usual SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) found in Indo-Aryan languages, a sound system which features contrastive palatalisation of nearly all consonants and an extensive system of vowels.[1]
Contents
Letters and Encoding
Kashmiri today is mostly written in a variant of the Arabic script, with a number of adaptations. This link details two unique Unicode characters (half-ye 0620 ؠ and wavy hamza under 065F ٟ ) for Kashmiri, and a reference used in the document is helpful for understanding the orthography. This document is also useful for nomenclature and lookup but unfortunately copying the characters does not work as it should.
Input
The script is not phonemic and also very difficult to input and read even for someone comfortable with standard Arabic script. It will be prudent to use some sort of transcription script to read and especially write in a shell environment.
Encoding
Texts in Kashmiri are full of characters with the same shape and different encodings. It is an urgent need to figure out the correct encoding for each one and have the others interpreted as this character.
One should make liberal use of hexdumps and lookups, as looking up the arabic letter "noon" results in 78 different characters.
Resources
- Kashmiri Wordnet - Surprisingly good site layout, has a popup keyboard for input as well
Related Work
- "Example" (Rule?)-based system attempt (
Seems to use some sort of constituency parsingActually appears to be a phrase dictionary) - Paper on transliteration of english to Kashmiri letters - This might be sort of useful for input while working on stuff
- Kashmiri Dependency Treebank
- Hindi-Dogri RBMT
Kashmiri Language Websites
- Muneeb Urrahman's Literary Blog
- Bible in latin letters
- Neab International
- Neab Magazine
- kashmirilanguage.com (Has a not insignificant amount of text in nastaliq)
Other Corpora
- University of Kashmir Digital Library
- EMILLE/CIIL Corpus (Huge corpus of many Indian languages, needs special approval to access, cannot redistribute)
Grammar
- Resources compiled by the Kashmiri Pandit Network (Includes structured course versions of some grammars, with recordings)
- Various grammars by Omkar Koul:
- Modern Kashmiri Grammar
- Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course
- Kashmiri: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar
Dictionaries
- Grierson Dictionary (1932, in Devanagari and latin, can query online)
- Some editions of the dictionary itself have Perso-Arabic, downloading from archive.org could be useful
- Hassan Dictionary (2010, only latin, can query online, has recordings)
- Kaesher Lugaat - Shafi Shauq (Modern dictionary produced by the Academy, nastaliq, tricky to find)
- Kashir Dictionary - Tousikhani (7 volumes)
- Kashmiri-English Dictionary - Omkar N. Koul
- Persian/Tajik-Kashmiri-English dictionary - Jān, Jī. Ār
Related
- A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs - Omkar N. Koul
Developers
Potential Students for GSoC 2019
- Rurik - Kashmiri-Hindi?
- ?
