Celtic languages
The Celtic languages (cel) include Welsh (cy), Breton (br), Cornish (kw), Irish (ga), Manx (gv), and Scottish Gaelic (gd). Most commonly spoken on the north-western edge of Europe, the languages are related with varying levels of mutual intelligibility.
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
Status
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Celtic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
Transducers
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".
| name | language | native name | grouping | ISO 639 | formalism | state | stems | paradigms | coverage | location | primary authors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -3 | |||||||||||
apertium-cym
|
Welsh | Cymraeg | Brythonic | cy
|
cym
|
lttoolbox | production | ~91.2% | apertium-cy-en (trunk) | Fran, Jim, donnek | ||
apertium-bre
|
Breton | Brezhoneg | Brythonic | br
|
bre
|
lttoolbox | working | ~88.6% | apertium-br-fr (trunk) | Fran, fulupjakez, guillaumebzh, drevalan | ||
apertium-gle
|
Irish | Gaeilge | Goidelic | ga
|
gle
|
lttoolbox | development | apertium-ga-gd (nursery) | Fran, Jim, fulupjakez, skburke | |||
apertium-gla
|
Scottish Gaelic | Gàidhlig | Goidelic | gd
|
gla
|
lttoolbox | development | apertium-ga-gd (nursery) | Fran, Jim, fulupjakez, jg18, skburke | |||
apertium-glv
|
Manx | Gaelg | Goidelic | gv
|
glv
|
lttoolbox | development | apertium-ga-gv (incubator) | Fran, Jim, cos, skburke | |||
apertium-cor
|
Cornish | Kernewek | Brythonic | kw
|
cor
|
lttoolbox | prototype | apertium-cy-kw (incubator) | Fran, Jim | |||
Existing language pairs
Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk.
| cym | bre | cor | gle | gla | glv | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cym | - | br-cy |
||||
| bre | br-cy |
- | ||||
| cor | - | |||||
| gle | - | ga-gd |
ga-gv | |||
| gla | ga-gd |
- | ||||
| glv | ga-gv |
- | ||||
| eng | cy-en |
en-ga |
en-gd |
en-gv | ||
| epo | eo-br |
|||||
| fra | br-fr |
|||||
| spa | cy-es |
br-es |
Samples
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
| Language | Text |
|---|---|
| Irish | Saolaítear na daoine uile saor agus comhionann ina ndínit agus ina gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus dlíd iad féin d'iompar de mheon bráithreachas i leith a chéile. |
| Manx | Ta dagh ooilley pheiagh ruggit seyr as corrym ayns ard-cheim as kiartyn. Ren Jee feoiltaghey resoon as cooinsheanse orroo as by chair daue ymmyrkey ry cheilley myr braaraghyn. |
| Scottish Gaelic | Tha gach uile dhuine air a bhreth saor agus co-ionnan ann an urram 's ann an còirichean. Tha iad air am breth le reusan is le cogais agus mar sin bu chòir dhaibh a bhith beò nam measg fhein ann an spiorad bràthaireil. |
| Breton | Dieub ha par en o dellezegezh hag o gwirioù eo ganet an holl dud. Poell ha skiant zo dezho ha dleout a reont bevañ an eil gant egile en ur spered a genvreudeuriezh. |
| Cornish | Pub den oll yw genys frank ha kehaval yn dynita ha gwiryow. Yth yns i enduys gans reson ha cowses hag y tal dhedhans gwul dhe udn orth y gila yn spyrys a vredereth. |
| Welsh | Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon. |
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Celtic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
Vulnerability
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Celtic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and [Ethnologue http://www.ethnologue.com/].
| Language | ISO639-3 | Areas | Vulnerability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cornish | cor
|
Cornwall | 4 - Critically endangered |
| Manx | glv
|
Isle of Mann | 4 - Critically endangered |
| Breton | bre
|
France | 3 - Severely endangered |
| Scottish Gaelic | gla
|
Scotland | 2 - Definitely endangered |
| Irish | gle
|
Ireland | 2 - Definitely endangered |
| Welsh | cym
|
Wales | 1 - Vulnerable |
| Language | ISO639-3 | Areas (UNESCO) | Vulnerability (UNESCO) | Speakers (Ethnologue) | Status (Ethnologue) | Location (Ethnologue) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manx | glv
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 4 - Critically endangered | No known L1 speakers. | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Isle of Man |
| Cornish | cor
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 4 - Critically endangered | No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 469,000 (1991 census). | 9 (Dormant) | United Kingdom |
| Breton | bre
|
France | 3 - Severely endangered | 225,000 (1989 ICDBL), decreasing. 1,200,000 know Breton but do not regularly use it. | 8a (Moribund) | France |
| Irish | gle
|
Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 2 - Definitely endangered | 72,000 in Ireland (2006 census). Less than 20,000 L1 speakers (Salminen 2007). Population total all countries: 106,210. | 6b (Threatened) | Ireland |
| Gaelic, Scottish | gla
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 2 - Definitely endangered | 58,700 in United Kingdom (2003 census). Population total all countries: 63,130. | 4 (Educational) | United Kingdom |
| Welsh | cym
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 1 - Vulnerable | 508,000 in United Kingdom (1991 census), decreasing. 32,700 monolinguals (1971 census). Population total all countries: 536,890. | 2 (Provincial) | United Kingdom |
| Language | ISO639-3 | UNESCO | Ethnologue | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Areas | Vulnerability | Speakers | Status | Location | ||
| Manx | glv
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 4 - Critically endangered | No known L1 speakers. | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Isle of Man |
| Cornish | cor
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 4 - Critically endangered | No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 469,000 (1991 census). | 9 (Dormant) | United Kingdom |
| Breton | bre
|
France | 3 - Severely endangered | 225,000 (1989 ICDBL), decreasing. 1,200,000 know Breton but do not regularly use it. | 8a (Moribund) | France |
| Irish | gle
|
Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 2 - Definitely endangered | 72,000 in Ireland (2006 census). Less than 20,000 L1 speakers (Salminen 2007). Population total all countries: 106,210. | 6b (Threatened) | Ireland |
| Gaelic, Scottish | gla
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 2 - Definitely endangered | 58,700 in United Kingdom (2003 census). Population total all countries: 63,130. | 4 (Educational) | United Kingdom |
| Welsh | cym
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 1 - Vulnerable | 508,000 in United Kingdom (1991 census), decreasing. 32,700 monolinguals (1971 census). Population total all countries: 536,890. | 2 (Provincial) | United Kingdom |
| Language | ISO639-3 | UNESCO | Ethnologue | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Areas | Vulnerability | Speakers | Status | Location | ||
| Manx | glv
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 4 (Critically endangered) | No known L1 speakers. | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Isle of Man |
| Cornish | cor
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 4 (Critically endangered) | No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 469,000 (1991 census). | 9 (Dormant) | United Kingdom |
| Breton | bre
|
France | 3 (Severely endangered) | 225,000 (1989 ICDBL), decreasing. 1,200,000 know Breton but do not regularly use it. | 8a (Moribund) | France |
| Irish | gle
|
Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 2 (Definitely endangered) | 72,000 in Ireland (2006 census). Less than 20,000 L1 speakers (Salminen 2007). Population total all countries: 106,210. | 6b (Threatened) | Ireland |
| Gaelic, Scottish | gla
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 2 (Definitely endangered) | 58,700 in United Kingdom (2003 census). Population total all countries: 63,130. | 4 (Educational) | United Kingdom |
| Welsh | cym
|
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 1 (Vulnerable) | 508,000 in United Kingdom (1991 census), decreasing. 32,700 monolinguals (1971 census). Population total all countries: 536,890. | 2 (Provincial) | United Kingdom |
