Turkic languages
The Turkic languages include Turkish, Azeri, Uzbek, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Chuvash, Turkmen, Bashkir, Sakha, and several dozen other languages. The languages are related with varying levels of mutual intelligibility. Our goal is to enhance MT coverage of them with apertium.
The ultimate master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
Status
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Turkic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
Transducers
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".
| name | Language | ISO 639 | formalism | state | stems | coverage | location | primary authors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -3 | ||||||||
| trmorph | Turkish | tr
|
tur
|
SFST | production | 37,300 | ~90.6% | Çağri | |
| apertium-kir | Kyrgyz | ky
|
kir
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | working | 8,564 | ~87.3% | apertium-kir (branches) | Jonathan, Mirlan, Fran |
| apertium-tur | Turkish | tr
|
tur
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 10,971 | ~91.1% | apertium-tur (incubator) | Fran, Gianluca |
| apertium-kaz | Kazakh | kk
|
kaz
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 9,306 | 94.1 | apertium-kaz (incubator) | Nathan, Jonathan, Fran |
| apertium-tat | Tatar | tt
|
tat
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 7,246 | ~84.7% | apertium-tt-ba (nursery) | Fran, Jonathan, Ilnar, Milli |
| apertium-bak | Bashkir | ba
|
bak
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 2,827 | ~66% | apertium-tt-ba (nursery) | Fran, Jonathan, Ilnar, Milli |
| apertium-tuk | Turkmen | tk |
tuk |
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 893 | ~65.3% | apertium-tuk-tur (nursery) | Fran |
| apertium-chv | Chuvash | cv |
chv |
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 8,579 | ~85% | apertium-cv-tr (incubator) | Hèctor |
| apertium-aze | Azerbaijani | az |
aze |
SFST | working? | apertium-tr-az (trunk) | Gianluca | ||
Pairs
Table of dix progress
Turkic-Turkic pairs
Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in trunk, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair.
| tur | aze | tuk | uzb | kir | kaz | tat | chv | bak | uig | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tur | — | tr-az | tr-ky | tr-tt | tr-cv | |||||
| aze | az-tr | — | ||||||||
| tuk | — | |||||||||
| uzb | — | |||||||||
| kir | ky-tr | — | ky-kk | |||||||
| kaz | kk-ky | — | kaz-tat | |||||||
| tat | tt-tr | tat-kaz | — | tt-ba | ||||||
| chv | cv-tr | — | ||||||||
| bak | ba-tt | — | ||||||||
| uig | — |
Pairs with non-Turkic languages
| tr | az | tk | uz | ky | kk | tt | cv | ba | ug | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en | tr-en | ky-en | ||||||||
| fr | ||||||||||
| es | ||||||||||
| it | ||||||||||
| ru | cv-ru | |||||||||
| mn | mn-kk |
Getting involved
We have a work plan for developing Turkic-Turkic translators and are working on a how-to for building a Turkic lexicon. Please come talk to us on IRC or contact us on the apertium-turkic mailing list.
Tagset
Rough guide to tagsets in various Turkic language transducers, with an eye to keeping stuff that is basically the same tagged the same. In the following table, A stands for Apertium and T stands for TRmorph (See also the general tagset list).
| Phenomenon | Morphology | Description | Tag(s) | Language(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of speech | |||||
| Noun | <n> |
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| Proper noun | <np> |
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| Determiner | <det> |
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| Numeral | <num> |
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| Adjective | <adj> |
incl. var/yok | |||
| Adverb | <adv> |
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| Pronoun | <prn> |
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| Verb | <v> |
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| Auxiliary verb | <vaux> |
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| Copula | <cop> |
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| Adverb | <adv> |
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| Postadverb | <postadv> |
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| Postposition | <post> |
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| Particle[1] | <part> |
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| Coordinating conjunction | <cnjcoo> |
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| Subordinating conjunction | <cnjsub> |
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| Adverbial conjunction | <cnjadv> |
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| Abbreviation | <abbr> |
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| Interjection | <ij> |
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| Proper noun types | |||||
| Toponym | <top> |
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| Anthroponym | <ant> |
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| Cognomen (Surname) | <cog> |
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| Acronym | <acr> |
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| Other | <al> |
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| Pronoun types | |||||
| Personal | <pers> |
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| Ordinal | <ord> |
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| Demonstrative | <dem> |
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| Indefinite | <ind> |
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| Interrogative | <itg> |
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| Reflexive | <ref> |
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| Quantifier | <qnt> |
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| Positive | <pst> |
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| Negative | <neg> |
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| Comparative | <comp> |
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| Reciprocal | <recip> |
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| First person | <p1> |
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| Second person | <p2> |
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| Third person | <p3> |
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| Numeral types | |||||
| Substantive | Substantive form of numerals (when they are used as the head of the noun phrase) | <subst> |
|||
| Ordinal | <ord> |
Chuvash: -мĂш | |||
| Distributive | <dist> |
Chuvash: -шĂр | |||
| Collective | <coll> |
Chuvash: -Ăн | |||
| Case | |||||
| Nominative case (unmarked) | <nom> |
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| Genitive case | <gen> |
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| Dative case | <dat> |
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| Locative case | <loc> |
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| Ablative case | -DAn | Case indicating movement away | <abl> |
Pan-turkic | |
| Instrumental case | <ins> |
||||
| Terminative case | <ter> |
Chuvash: -ччен | |||
| Benefactive (Purposive) case | <ben> |
Chuvash: -шĂн | |||
| Allative (Directive) case | Case indicating motion towards something | <all> |
Chuvash: -АллА | ||
| Posession | |||||
| 1st pers sg | <px1sg> |
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| 1st pers pl | <px1pl> |
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| 2nd pers sg | <px2sg> |
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| 2nd pers pl | <px2pl> |
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| 3rd pers sg | <px3sg> |
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| 3rd pers pl | <px3pl> |
||||
| 3rd pers sg or pl | <px3sp> |
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| Gender | |||||
| Masculine | <m> |
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| Feminine | <f> |
||||
| Masculine / feminine | <mf> |
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| Number | |||||
| Singular | <sg> |
||||
| Plural | <pl> |
||||
| Tense, aspect, mood | |||||
| Present tense | <pres> |
||||
| Present continuous tense | <cont> |
Turkish: -{bI}yor | |||
| Evidential tenseless/past tense | <evid> |
Turkish: -m{I}ş (<past><evid>) | |||
| Past tense | <past> |
Kyrgyz: -{G}{A}н | |||
| Definite past tense | <ifi> |
Turkish: -{D}{I} | |||
| Imperfect | <pii> |
Turkish: Aorist + -m{A}kt{A} | |||
| Past habitual tense | <pih> |
Turkish: Aorist + -{D}{I} | |||
| Future tense | <fut> |
Turkish: -{bY}{A}c{A}{k} | |||
| Imperative | -ø | Mood for giving orders | <imp>A, <t_imp>T |
Pan-turkic | Turkish: -ø |
| Conditional | <cond> |
Turkish: -s{A} | |||
| Aorist | <aor> |
Turkish: -{A}r or -{bI}r | |||
| Optative | <opt> |
Turkish: -{bY}{A}, Kirghiz: -мAк>чI | |||
| Obligative | <oblig> |
Turkish: -m{A}l{I} | |||
| Potential | <pot> |
Kirghiz: -чUдAй | |||
| Not-yet tense | <notyet> |
Kirghiz: -E элек | |||
| Non-finite verb forms | |||||
| Gerund | makes verbs usable as nouns | <ger>, <vn>? |
|||
| Verbal adjective | makes verbs usable as adjectives | <vadj> |
|||
| Participle | makes verb a matrix verb usable auxiliaries and modals | <part>, <vadv>? |
|||
| ??? | makes verb usable as first of a dual-predicate construction | ?? | |||
| Infinitive | citation form of verb and use in certain constructions | <inf>? |
|||
| Gerund #1 | <ger1> |
Turkish: -m{A} | |||
| Gerund #2 | <ger2> |
Turkish: -m{A}{K} | |||
| Gerund #3 | <ger3> |
Turkish: -{D}{I}{k} | |||
| Gerund #4 | <ger4> |
Turkish: -{bY}{I}ş | |||
| Gerund #5 | <ger5> |
Turkish: -{bY}{A}n | |||
| Gerund #6 | <ger6> |
Turkish: -{bY}{A}r{A}k | |||
| Gerund #7 | <ger10> |
Turkish: -{bY}{I}p | |||
| Future gerund #1 | <fger> |
Turkish: -{bY}{A}c{A}{k} | |||
| Imperfect participle #1 | <fger> |
Turkish: -{bY}{A}r{A}{k} | |||
| Productive verbal derivation | |||||
| Passive | <pass> |
||||
| Causative | <caus> |
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| Cooperative | <coop> |
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| Transitivity | |||||
| Transitive, переходный | <tv> |
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| Intransitive, непереходный | <iv> |
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Official poem
- Kovayla bira içerim, ama sen bilmezsin. Yarın gelir misin?
- Vedrəyle pivə içirəm, ama sen bilməzsən. Yarın gələrmisən?
- Чиләк белән пиво эчәм, әмма син белмисең. Иртәгә киләсеңме?
- Шелекпен сыра ішемін, бірақ сен білбейсің. Ертең келесің бе?
- Чака менен сыра ичем, бирок сен билбейсиң. Эртең келесиңби?
Footnotes
- ↑ Warning: The use of the particle tag is highly discouraged.
