Turkic languages

The Turkic languages include Turkish, Azeri, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Chuvash, Turkmen, Bashkir, Sakha, and several dozen other languages. The languages are related with varying levels of mutual intelligibility. Our goal is to enhance MT coverage of them with apertium.

The ultimate master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.

Status

The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Turkic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.

Transducers

Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".

name	Language	ISO 639		formalism	state	stems	coverage			location	primary authors
		-2	-3				corpus	words	%cov
trmorph	Turkish	tr	tur	SFST	production	37,300	SETimes	4.1M	~90.6%		Çağri
kymorph	Kyrgyz	ky	kir	HFST (lexc+twol)	working	8,564	~87.3%			apertium-tr-ky (trunk)	Jonathan, Mirlan, Fran
turmorph	Turkish	tr	tur	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	19,534	SETimes	4.1M	~86.5%	turmorph (branches)	Gianluca
kazmorph	Kazakh	kk	kaz	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	9,306	94.1			apertium-ky-kk (incubator)	Nathan, Jonathan, Fran
baqmorph	Bashkir	ba	bak	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	2,827	~66%			apertium-tt-ba (nursery)	Fran, Jonathan, Milli
tatmorph	Tatar	tt	tat	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	7,246	[[Taqmorph#Current_State|Taqmorph/coverage/average]]			apertium-tt-ba (nursery)	Fran, Jonathan, Milli
	Chuvash	cv	chv	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	88		88.8K	~30%	apertium-cv-tr (incubator)	Hèctor
azmorph	Azerbaijani	az	aze	SFST	working?				-	apertium-tr-az (trunk)	Gianluca

Pairs

Turkic-Turkic pairs

Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in trunk, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair.

	tr	az	tk	uz	ky	kk	tt	cv	ba	ug
tr	—	tr-az			tr-ky			tr-cv
az	az-tr	—
tk			—
uz				—
ky	ky-tr				—		ky-kk
kk					kk-ky	—	kk-tt
tt						tt-kk	—		tt-ba
cv	cv-tr							—
ba							ba-tt		—
ug										—

Pairs with non-Turkic languages

	tr	az	tk	uz	ky	kk	tt	cv	ba	ug
en	tr-en				ky-en
fr
es
it
ru								cv-ru
mn						mn-kk

Tagset

Rough guide to tagsets in various Turkic language transducers, with an eye to keeping stuff that is basically the same tagged the same. In the following table, ^A stands for Apertium and ^T stands for TRmorph.

Phenomenon	Morphology	Description	Tag(s)	Language(s)	Notes
Part of speech
Noun			<n>
Proper noun			<np>
Determiner			<det>
Numeral			<num>
Adjective			<adj>
Adverb			<adv>
Pronoun			<prn>
Verb			<v>
Auxiliary verb			<vaux>
Copula			<cop>
Adverb			<adv>
Postadverb			<postadv>
Postposition			<post>a <postp>t
Particle			<part>
Coordinating conjunction			<cnjcoo>
Subordinating conjunction			<cnjsub>
Adverbial conjunction			<cnjadv>
Abbreviation			<abbr>
Interjection			<ij>
Proper noun types
Toponym			<top>
Anthroponym			<ant>
Cognomen (Surname)			<cog>
Acronym			<acr>
Other			<al>
Pronoun types
Personal			<pers>
Ordinal			<ord>
Demonstrative			<dem>
Indefinite			<ind>
Interrogative			<itg>
Reflexive			<ref>
Existential			<exi>
Quantifier			<qnt>
Positive			<pst>
Negative			<neg>
Comparative			<comp>
Collective-numeral			<coll>
Reciprocal			<recip>
First person			<p1>
Second person			<p2>
Third person			<p3>
Case
Nominative case (unmarked)			<nom>
Genitive case			<gen>
Dative case			<dat>
Locative case			<loc>
Ablative case	-DAn	Case indicating movement away	<abl>	Pan-turkic
Instrumental case			<ins>
Private case			<priv>
Terminative case			<term>
Final case			<fin>
Posession
1st pers sg			<px1sg>
1st pers pl			<px1pl>
2nd pers sg			<px2sg>
2nd pers pl			<px2pl>
3rd pers sg			<px3sg>
3rd pers pl			<px3pl>
3rd pers sg or pl			<px3sp>
Gender
Masculine			<m>
Feminine			<f>
Masculine / feminine			<mf>
Number
Singular			<sg>
Plural			<pl>
Tense, aspect, mood
Present tense			<pres>
Present continuous tense			<cont>		Turkish: -{bI}yor
Evidential past tense			<evid>		Turkish: -m{I}ş
Past tense			<past>		Turkish: -{D}{I}
Definite past tense			<ifi>
Imperfect			<pii>		Turkish: Aorist + -m{A}kt{A}
Past habitual tense			<pih>		Turkish: Aorist + -{D}{I}
Future tense			<fut>		Turkish: -{bY}{A}c{A}{k}
Imperative	-ø	Mood for giving orders	<imp>A, <t_imp>T	Pan-turkic	Turkish: -ø
Conditional			<cond>		Turkish: -s{A}
Aorist			<aor>		Turkish: -{A}r or -{bI}r
Optative			<opt>		Turkish: -{bY}{A}, Kirghiz: -мAк>чI
Obligative			<oblig>		Turkish: -m{A}l{I}
Potential			<pot>		Kirghiz: -чUдAй
Not-yet tense			<notyet>		Kirghiz: -E элек
Gerund #1			<ger1>		Turkish: -m{A}
Gerund #2			<ger2>		Turkish: -m{A}{K}
Gerund #3			<ger3>		Turkish: -{D}{I}{k}
Gerund #4			<ger4>		Turkish: -{bY}{I}ş
Gerund #5			<ger5>		Turkish: -{bY}{A}n
Gerund #6			<ger6>		Turkish: -{bY}{A}r{A}k
Gerund #7			<fger>		Turkish: -{bY}{I}p
Future gerund #1			<ger1>		Turkish: -{bY}{A}c{A}{k}
Imperfect participle #1			<fger>		Turkish: -{bY}{A}r{A}{k}
Passive			<pass>
Causative			<caus>
Cooperative			<coop>
Transitivity
Transitive			<tv>
Intransitive			<iv>