Difference between revisions of "Turkish and Azerbaijani"
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This will pose a problem for both analysis and generation of word forms. In analysis it is possible to ''overanlayse'' words, e.g. say have a paradigm for "a → e" for the plural ending ''-ler'', which would accept both ''-ler'' and ''-lar''. Then we would analyse both the correct form: ''biralar'' and an incorrect form ''biraler''. This causes problems because of ambiguity (we shouldn't be analysing non-existant words!), especially on short words. It remains to be seen if this ambiguity will be too great. |
This will pose a problem for both analysis and generation of word forms. In analysis it is possible to ''overanlayse'' words, e.g. say have a paradigm for "a → e" for the plural ending ''-ler'', which would accept both ''-ler'' and ''-lar''. Then we would analyse both the correct form: ''biralar'' and an incorrect form ''biraler''. This causes problems because of ambiguity (we shouldn't be analysing non-existant words!), especially on short words. It remains to be seen if this ambiguity will be too great. |
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One example of ambiguity would be with the word for "book", ''kitab''. The form ''kitabı'' means "his book", but the form ''kitabi'' (or ''kitabî'') means "bookish". This should not be too much of a problem as the two are different parts of speech and should be taken care of in the tagging stage. |
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The other problem is generation, we do not currently have a way in apertium to enforce vowel harmony, it may be possible to use an alternate spell-checker to do this (e.g. <code>hunspell</code> has specialised algorithms for both Azerbaijani and Turkish, or possible we could use post-gen or write a new post-gen module for this. |
The other problem is generation, we do not currently have a way in apertium to enforce vowel harmony, it may be possible to use an alternate spell-checker to do this (e.g. <code>hunspell</code> has specialised algorithms for both Azerbaijani and Turkish, or possible we could use post-gen or write a new post-gen module for this. |
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Revision as of 10:34, 18 August 2007
Noun morphology
Turkish has several cases:
absolute, definite-accusative, dative, locative, ablative, genitive
It also has pronominal clitics.
Typically these are applied in the following order:
- plural suffix
- suffix of possession
- case-ending
- personal suffix
kitap for ex. is the stem kitap + plural + pronoun kitaplar is the "books" a noun has five cases object direction is the "i case" give me that book for ex. bana o kitabı ver "that book" kitabı that is directed to object from that book = kitaptan in that book = kitapta "from my book" kitab+ım+dan "from my books" kitap+lar+ım+dan
Agglutination case
verb= gitmek stem=git
I'm going = gidiyorum (tr)
= gidirem (azerbaijani)
gid+iyor+um (present continous, pr1, turkish)
gid+ir+em (present continous, pr1, azerbaijani)
git (lemma) -i -yor (for continous tense) -um (for first personal pronoun) (turkish)
git (lemma) -i -r(for continous tense) -em (for first personal pronoun) (azerbaijani)
Vowel harmony
- See also: Vowel harmony
Both Turkish and Azerbaijani, along with most other Turkic languages exhibit vowel harmony. See the following table of inflections for the word pivə, "beer" in Azerbaijani. Underscore indicates a vowel that has been "harmonised".
| Azerbaijani | Gloss |
|---|---|
| pivə | beer |
| pivəler | beers |
| pivəlerim | my beers |
| pivədən | from beer |
| pivələrdən | from beers |
This will pose a problem for both analysis and generation of word forms. In analysis it is possible to overanlayse words, e.g. say have a paradigm for "a → e" for the plural ending -ler, which would accept both -ler and -lar. Then we would analyse both the correct form: biralar and an incorrect form biraler. This causes problems because of ambiguity (we shouldn't be analysing non-existant words!), especially on short words. It remains to be seen if this ambiguity will be too great.
One example of ambiguity would be with the word for "book", kitab. The form kitabı means "his book", but the form kitabi (or kitabî) means "bookish". This should not be too much of a problem as the two are different parts of speech and should be taken care of in the tagging stage.
The other problem is generation, we do not currently have a way in apertium to enforce vowel harmony, it may be possible to use an alternate spell-checker to do this (e.g. hunspell has specialised algorithms for both Azerbaijani and Turkish, or possible we could use post-gen or write a new post-gen module for this.
Test case
- Turkish: biram var.
- Azerbaijani: pivəm var
beer+p1 have
I have a beer.
- Turkish: iki biram var
- Azerbijani: iki pivəm var
two beer+p1 have
I have two beers
Noun
abs— absolutedac— definite-accusativedat— dativeabl— ablativeloc— locativegen— genitive
Underlined denotes the affix.
Turkish
| person | n.sg.abs | n.sg.dac | n.sg.dat | n.sg.loc | n.sg.abl | n.sg.gen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| none | bira | birayı | biraya | birada | biradan | biranın |
| p1.sg | biram | biramı | birama | biramda | biramdan | biramın |
| p2.sg | biran | biranı | birana | biranda | birandan | biranın |
| p3.sg | birası | birasını | birasına | birasında | birasından | birasının |
| p1.pl | biramız | biramızı | biramıza | biramızda | biramızdan | biramızın |
| p2.pl | biranız | biranızı | biranıza | biranızda | biranızdan | biranızın |
| p3.pl | birası | birasını | birasına | birasında | birasından | birasının |
| person | n.pl.abs | n.pl.dac | n.pl.dat | n.pl.loc | n.pl.abl | n.pl.gen |
| none | biralar | |||||
| p1.sg | biralarım | |||||
| p2.sg | ||||||
| p3.sg | ||||||
| p1.pl | ||||||
| p2.pl | ||||||
| p3.pl | ||||||
The conosants with black are only there to combine the vowels next to them, they don't belong this form. If the stem (the noun in this case) ends with consonant, those extra letters will fall. For example if the word is tabut (which ends with the letter t) n.sg.dac without person case will be tabutu (u is because of the harmonization).
Azerbaijani
| person | n.sg.abs | n.sg.dac | n.sg.dat | n.sg.loc | n.sg.abl | n.sg.gen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| none | pivə | |||||
| p1.sg | pivəm | |||||
| p2.sg | ||||||
| p3.sg | ||||||
| p1.pl | ||||||
| p2.pl | ||||||
| p3.pl | ||||||
| person | n.pl.abs | n.pl.dac | n.pl.dat | n.pl.loc | n.pl.abl | n.pl.gen |
| none | pivəler | |||||
| p1.sg | pivəlerim | |||||
| p2.sg | ||||||
| p3.sg | ||||||
| p1.pl | ||||||
| p2.pl | ||||||
| p3.pl | ||||||
Comparison
| Turkish | Azerbaijani | Gloss | Symbols |
|---|---|---|---|
| bira | pivə | beer | n.sg
|
| biralar | pivəler | beers | n.pl
|
| biram | pivəm | my beer | n.sg.p1
|
| biralarım | pivəlerim | my beers | n.pl.p1
|
| biradan | pivədən | from the beer | n.sg.abl
|
| biralardan | pivələrdən | from the beers | n.pl.abl
|
| biramdan | pivəmdən | from my beer | n.sg.p1.abl
|
| biralarımdan | pivlərimdən | from my beers | n.pl.p1.abl
|
Verb
| Turkish | Azerbaijani | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| içerim | içirəm | I drink |
| içersin | içirsən | You drink |
| içer | içir | He drinks |
| içer | içir | She drinks |
| içer | içir | It drinks |
| içerler | içirlər | You (pl.) drink |
| içeriz | içirik | We drink |
| içer | içir | They drink |
Examples
- Turkish
Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler.
- Azerbaijani
Bütün insanlar ləyaqət və hüquqlarına görə azad və bərabər doğulurlar. Onarın şüuralrı və vicdanları var və bir-birlərinə mübasibətdə qardaşlıq runhunda davranmalıdırlar.
- Azerbaijani (turkified)
Bütün insanlar azadlıq, ləyaqət və haqlarına görə bərabər doğulurlar. Onların ağılları və vicdanları var və onlar bir-birlərinə mübasibətdə qardaşlıq ruhunda davranmalıdırlar.
