Difference between revisions of "Celtic languages"

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[[Langues celtiques|En français]]

{{TOCD}}
{{TOCD}}
The '''Celtic languages''' include Welsh (<code>cy</code>), Breton (<code>br</code>), Cornish (<code>kw</code>), Irish (<code>ga</code>) and Scottish Gaelic (<code>gd</code>). The languages are related with varying levels of mutual intelligibility. This group would make a nice group for Apertium systems.
The '''Celtic languages''' (<code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/celtic cel]</code>) include [[Welsh]] (<code>cy</code>), [[Breton]] (<code>br</code>), [[Cornish]] (<code>kw</code>), [[Irish]] (<code>ga</code>), [[Manx]] (<code>gv</code>), and [[Scottish Gaelic]] (<code>gd</code>). Most commonly spoken on the north-western edge of Europe, the languages are related with varying levels of mutual intelligibility.


The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
==Existing==


==Status==
;Dictionaries
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Celtic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a [[Constraint Grammar|CG]] for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
{{see-also|List of dictionaries}}


===Transducers===
Coverage<ref>Note: This is a naïve estimation (words for which an analysis is given / all words), "hidden unknown words" are not taken into account</ref> is calculated over a general corpus of the language, followed by Wikipedia in parentheses.
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".


{|class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Language !! File !! Paradigms !! Lemmata !! Coverage
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| name
| Welsh || [https://apertium.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/apertium/trunk/apertium-cy-en/apertium-cy-en.cy.dix.xml apertium-cy-en.cy.dix] || 689 || 10,058 || 95.8% (86.6%)
!rowspan=2| language
!rowspan=2| native name
!rowspan=2| grouping
!colspan=2 class="unsortable"| ISO 639
!rowspan=2| formalism
!rowspan=2| state
!rowspan=2| stems
!rowspan=2| paradigms
!rowspan=2| coverage
!rowspan=2| location
!rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| primary authors
|-class="sortbottom"
! -2
! -3
|-
|-
| <code>[[apertium-cym]]</code>
| Breton || [https://apertium.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/apertium/trunk/incubator/apertium-br-fr.br.dix apertium-br-fr.br.dix] || 268 || 7,530 || 86.0% (79.6%)
|| [[Welsh]]
|| Cymraeg
|| [[Brythonic]]
||<code>cy</code>
|| <code>cym</code>
|| [[lttoolbox]]
|| production
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-cy-en/stats|cy_stems}}
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-cy-en/stats|cy_paradigms}}
|align="center"| ~{{:Apertium-cy-en/stats/average}}%
|| [[apertium-cy-en]] ([[trunk]])
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Jimregan|Jim]], donnek
|-
|-
| <code>[[apertium-bre]]</code>
| Cornish || [https://apertium.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/apertium/trunk/incubator/apertium-cy-kw.kw.dix apertium-cy-kw.kw.dix] || 133 || 322 || -
|| [[Breton]]
|| Brezhoneg
|| [[Brythonic]]
||<code>br</code>
|| <code>bre</code>
|| [[lttoolbox]]
|| working
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-br-fr/stats|br_stems}}
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-br-fr/stats|br_paradigms}}
|align="center"| ~{{:Apertium-br-fr/stats/average}}%
|| [[apertium-br-fr]] ([[trunk]])
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], fulupjakez, guillaumebzh, drevalan
|-
|-
| <code>[[apertium-gle]]</code>
| Irish || [https://apertium.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/apertium/trunk/apertium-ga-gd/apertium-ga-gd.ga.dix apertium-ga-gd.ga.dix] || 1,425 || 9,083 || -
|| [[Irish]]
|| {{#lst:apertium-gle/stats|nativename}}
|| [[Goidelic]]
||<code>ga</code>
|| <code>gle</code>
|| [[lttoolbox]]
|| development
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-gle/stats|stems}}
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-gle/stats|paradigms}}
|align="center"|
|| {{#lst:apertium-gle/stats|location}}
|| {{#lst:apertium-gle/stats|authors}}
|-
|-
| <code>[[apertium-glv]]</code>
| Scottish Gaelic || [https://apertium.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/apertium/trunk/apertium-ga-gd/apertium-ga-gd.gd.dix apertium-ga-gd.gd.dix] || 1,917 || 8,315 || -
|| [[Manx]]
|| Gaelg
|| [[Goidelic]]
||<code>gv</code>
|| <code>glv</code>
|| [[lttoolbox]]
|| development
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ga-gv/stats|gv_stems}}
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ga-gv/stats|gv_paradigms}}
|align="center"|
|| [[apertium-ga-gv]] ([[incubator]])
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Jimregan|Jim]], cos, skburke
|-
|-
| <code>[[apertium-gla]]</code>
|| [[Scottish Gaelic]]
|| Gàidhlig
|| [[Goidelic]]
||<code>gd</code>
|| <code>gla</code>
|| [[lttoolbox]]
|| prototype
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-gla/stats|stems}}
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-gla/stats|paradigms}}
|align="center"|
|| [[apertium-gla]] ([[languages]])
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Jimregan|Jim]], fulupjakez, jg18, skburke
|-
| <code>[[apertium-cor]]</code>
|| [[Cornish]]
|| Kernewek
|| [[Brythonic]]
||<code>kw</code>
|| <code>cor</code>
|| [[lttoolbox]]
|| prototype
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-cy-kw/stats|kw_stems}}
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-cy-kw/stats|kw_paradigms}}
|align="center"|
|| [[apertium-cy-kw]] ([[incubator]])
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Jimregan|Jim]]
|}

== Existing language pairs ==
Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk.

{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable dixtable"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! !! cym !! bre !! cor !! gle !! gla !! glv
|-
| '''cym''' || - || ''[[Apertium-br-cy|br-cy]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-br-cy/stats|br-cy_stems}} || || ''[[Apertium-cy-ga|cy-ga]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-cy-ga/stats|cy-ga_stems}} || ||
|-
| '''bre''' || ''[[Apertium-br-cy|br-cy]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-br-cy/stats|br-cy_stems}} || - || || || ||
|-
| '''cor''' || || || - || || ||
|-
| '''gle''' || ''[[Apertium-cy-ga|cy-ga]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-cy-ga/stats|cy-ga_stems}} || || || - || [[Apertium-ga-gd|ga-gd]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ga-gd/stats|ga-gd_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-ga-gv|ga-gv]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ga-gv/stats|ga-gv_stems}}
|-
| '''gla''' || || || || [[Apertium-ga-gd|ga-gd]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ga-gd/stats|ga-gd_stems}} || - ||
|-
| '''glv''' || || || || ''[[Apertium-ga-gv|ga-gv]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ga-gv/stats|ga-gv_stems}} || || -
|-
| || || || || || ||
|-
| '''eng''' || '''[[Apertium-cy-en|cy-en]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-cy-en/stats|cy-en_stems}}''' || || || ''[[Apertium-gle-eng|gle-eng]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-gle-eng/stats|gle-eng_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-en-gd|en-gd]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-gd/stats|en-gd_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-en-gv|en-gv]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-gv/stats|en-gv_stems}}
|-
| '''epo''' || || ''[[Apertium-eo-br|eo-br]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eo-br/stats|eo-br_stems}} || || || ||
|-
| '''fin''' || || || || ''[[Apertium-fin-gle|fin-gle]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-fin-gle/stats|fin-gle_stems}} || ||
|-
| '''fra''' || || '''[[Apertium-br-fr|br-fr]]'''<br>'''{{#lst:Apertium-br-fr/stats|br-fr_stems}}''' || || || ||
|-
| '''pol''' || || || || ''[[Apertium-pl-ga|pl-ga]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-pl-ga/stats|pl-ga_stems}} || ||
|-
| '''spa''' || ''[[Apertium-cy-es|cy-es]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-cy-es/stats|cy-es_stems}} || ''[[Apertium-br-es|br-es]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-br-es/stats|br-es_stems}} || || || ||
|}
|}


==Samples==
==Samples==
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''


{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
! Language !! Text
! Language !! Text
|-
|-
|| Irish || Saolaítear na daoine uile saor agus comhionann ina ndínit agus ina gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus dlíd iad féin d'iompar de mheon bráithreachas i leith a chéile.
| Welsh || Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â’i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe’u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon.
|-
|| Manx || Ta dagh ooilley pheiagh ruggit seyr as corrym ayns ard-cheim as kiartyn. Ren Jee feoiltaghey resoon as cooinsheanse orroo as by chair daue ymmyrkey ry cheilley myr braaraghyn.
|-
|| Scottish Gaelic || Tha gach uile dhuine air a bhreth saor agus co-ionnan ann an urram 's ann an còirichean. Tha iad air am breth le reusan is le cogais agus mar sin bu chòir dhaibh a bhith beò nam measg fhein ann an spiorad bràthaireil.
|-
|| Breton || Dieub ha par en o dellezegezh hag o gwirioù eo ganet an holl dud. Poell ha skiant zo dezho ha dleout a reont bevañ an eil gant egile en ur spered a genvreudeuriezh.
|-
|| Cornish || Pub den oll yw genys frank ha kehaval yn dynita ha gwiryow. Yth yns i enduys gans reson ha cowses hag y tal dhedhans gwul dhe udn orth y gila yn spyrys a vredereth.
|-
|| Welsh || Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon.
|}

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages "Celtic languages"], which is released under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0].

==Vulnerability==
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Celtic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas]’ and [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2| Language
!rowspan=2| ISO639-3
!rowspan=2| Location
!rowspan=2| Speakers
!colspan=2|Status
|-class="sortbottom"
! Ethnologue
! UNESCO
|-
|-
|| Cornish
| Cornish<ref>In Kemmyn, not in SWF</ref> || Yma pub den genys frank hag equal yn dynyta hag yn gwyryow. Ymons y enduys gans reson ha keskans hag y tal dhedhans omdhon an eyl orth y gela yn sperys a vredereth.
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cor cor]</code>
|| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|align="right"| 0
|| 9 (Dormant)
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
|-
|-
|| Manx
| Breton || Dieub ha par en o dellezegezh hag o gwirioù eo ganet an holl dud. Poell ha skiant zo dezho ha dleout a reont bevañ an eil gant egile en ur spered a genvreudeuriezh.
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/glv glv]</code>
|| Isle of Man & United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|align="right"| 0
|| 8b (Nearly extinct)
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
|-
|-
|| Breton
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bre bre]</code>
|| France
|align="right"| 225,000
|| 8a (Moribund)
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|-
|-
|| Irish
| Irish || Saoláitear na daoine uile saor agus comhionann ina ndínit agus ina gcearta. Tá bauidh an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus dlíd iad féin d’iompar de mheon bhráithreachais i leith a chéile.
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gle gle]</code>
|| Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|align="right"| 106,210
|| 6b (Threatened)
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
|-
|-
|| Gaelic, Scottish
| Scottish Gaelic || Tha gach uile dhuine air a bhreth saor agus co-ionnan ann an urram ’s ann an còirichean. Tha iad air am breth le reusan is le cogais agus mar sin bu chòir dhaibh a bhith beò nam measg fhein ann an spiorad bràthaireil.
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gla gla]</code>
|| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|align="right"| 63,130
|| 4 (Educational)
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
|-
|-
|| Welsh
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cym cym]</code>
|| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|align="right"| 536,890
|| 2 (Provincial)
|| 1 (Vulnerable)
|}
|}


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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Documentation in English]]
[[Category:Celtic languages]]

Latest revision as of 06:04, 23 December 2014

En français

The Celtic languages (cel) include Welsh (cy), Breton (br), Cornish (kw), Irish (ga), Manx (gv), and Scottish Gaelic (gd). Most commonly spoken on the north-western edge of Europe, the languages are related with varying levels of mutual intelligibility.

The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.

Status[edit]

The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Celtic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.

Transducers[edit]

Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".

name language native name grouping ISO 639 formalism state stems paradigms coverage location primary authors
-2 -3
apertium-cym Welsh Cymraeg Brythonic cy cym lttoolbox production 11,015 702 ~91.2% apertium-cy-en (trunk) Fran, Jim, donnek
apertium-bre Breton Brezhoneg Brythonic br bre lttoolbox working 18,353 463 ~88.6% apertium-br-fr (trunk) Fran, fulupjakez, guillaumebzh, drevalan
apertium-gle Irish Gaeilge Goidelic ga gle lttoolbox development 8,768 1,155 apertium-ga-gd (nursery), apertium-gle (incubator) Fran, Jim, fulupjakez, skburke
apertium-glv Manx Gaelg Goidelic gv glv lttoolbox development 11,353 312 apertium-ga-gv (incubator) Fran, Jim, cos, skburke
apertium-gla Scottish Gaelic Gàidhlig Goidelic gd gla lttoolbox prototype 117 77 apertium-gla (languages) Fran, Jim, fulupjakez, jg18, skburke
apertium-cor Cornish Kernewek Brythonic kw cor lttoolbox prototype 322 132 apertium-cy-kw (incubator) Fran, Jim

Existing language pairs[edit]

Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk.

cym bre cor gle gla glv
cym - br-cy
1,181		 cy-ga
?
bre br-cy
1,181		 -
cor -
gle cy-ga
?		 - ga-gd
7,877		 ga-gv
22,897
gla ga-gd
7,877		 -
glv ga-gv
22,897		 -
eng cy-en
11,608		 gle-eng
1,598		 en-gd
862		 en-gv
40
epo eo-br
3,722
fin fin-gle
181
fra br-fr
27,988
pol pl-ga
56
spa cy-es
8,798		 br-es
11,760

Samples[edit]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Language Text
Irish Saolaítear na daoine uile saor agus comhionann ina ndínit agus ina gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus dlíd iad féin d'iompar de mheon bráithreachas i leith a chéile.
Manx Ta dagh ooilley pheiagh ruggit seyr as corrym ayns ard-cheim as kiartyn. Ren Jee feoiltaghey resoon as cooinsheanse orroo as by chair daue ymmyrkey ry cheilley myr braaraghyn.
Scottish Gaelic Tha gach uile dhuine air a bhreth saor agus co-ionnan ann an urram 's ann an còirichean. Tha iad air am breth le reusan is le cogais agus mar sin bu chòir dhaibh a bhith beò nam measg fhein ann an spiorad bràthaireil.
Breton Dieub ha par en o dellezegezh hag o gwirioù eo ganet an holl dud. Poell ha skiant zo dezho ha dleout a reont bevañ an eil gant egile en ur spered a genvreudeuriezh.
Cornish Pub den oll yw genys frank ha kehaval yn dynita ha gwiryow. Yth yns i enduys gans reson ha cowses hag y tal dhedhans gwul dhe udn orth y gila yn spyrys a vredereth.
Welsh Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon.

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Celtic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Vulnerability[edit]

This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Celtic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.

Language ISO639-3 Location Speakers Status
Ethnologue UNESCO
Cornish cor United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 0 9 (Dormant) 4 (Critically endangered)
Manx glv Isle of Man & United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 0 8b (Nearly extinct) 4 (Critically endangered)
Breton bre France 225,000 8a (Moribund) 3 (Severely endangered)
Irish gle Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 106,210 6b (Threatened) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Gaelic, Scottish gla United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 63,130 4 (Educational) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Welsh cym United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 536,890 2 (Provincial) 1 (Vulnerable)

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

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