Difference between revisions of "Morphology of Turkish"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) |
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) |
||
Line 129: | Line 129: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! -m{I}ş |
! -m{I}ş |
||
| |
| yes || yes || ''ile, için, ..'' || yes || || yes<br />''-m{I}ş ol-'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! -m{A}{K} |
! -m{A}{K} |
Revision as of 01:00, 9 June 2013
Contents
Morphophonology
The behaviour of {y}
There is need for a {y} "archiphoneme" in the morphophonology. Lowercase {y} is appropriate, since by our guidelines, uppercase characters are used for letters which primarily change forms (and may occasionally delete), whereas lowercase characters are used for letters which primarily delete/appear (and may change form when they appear).
example | After a vowel | After a consonant |
---|---|---|
{y}l{A} | anneyle, babayla | gözle, saçla |
{y}{A} | anneye, babaya | göze, saça |
{y}{A}c{A}{K} | izleyecek, okuyacak | gelecek, olacak |
{y}{A}b{I}l- | izleyebil-, okuyabıl- | gelebil-, olabıl- |
{I} versus {i}
The archiphoneme {i} deletes after vowels, whereas {I} replaces the previous vowel (i.e., surfaces and triggers the deletion of the previous vowel). They both surface after consonants. They obey the same vowel harmony rules when they surface, having four possible forms: i (after i & e), ü (after ü & ö), ı (after a & ı), and u (after u & o).
archiphoneme | example | After a vowel | After a consonant |
---|---|---|---|
{i} | {i}p | büyüp, izlep, arap | verip, olup, bakıp |
{I} | {I}yor | büyüyor, izliyor, arıyor | veriyor, oluyor, bakıyor |
Devoicing
category | alternating | voiceless | voiced | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
voiced | before %>: :Vow | never | always | |||
voiceless | syllable-finally | always | never | |||
examples | kitap/kitabı yurt/yurdu güç/gücü köpek/köpeği |
et/ediyor |
çöp/çöpü at/atı iç/içi halk/halkı |
yap/yapiyor bit/bitiyor iç/içiyor bak/bakiyor |
leb/lebi ad/adı hac/hacı (dağ/dağı) |
|
nouns | verbs | nouns | verbs | nouns | verbs | |
p/b | kitap cevap |
— | çöp | yap öp |
leb | — |
t/d | yurt | et git güt |
devlet at |
tut bit eğit at |
ad | — |
ç/c | güç ağaç amaç haç |
— | iç suç |
iç seç kaç uç geç biç aç ölç saç |
hac kırbac |
— |
k/ğ | kulak köpek |
— | halk mülk kök gök |
bak yak yık |
(dağ) | (yağ) (yığ) (doğ) |
Aorist rules
- Verb stems ending with vowels: -r
- Polysyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ir
- Most monosyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ar
- The following 13 monosyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ir
- al-, bil-, bul-, dur-, gel-, gör-, kal-, ol-, öl-, san-, var-, ver-, vur-
Best solution:
- underlyingly -{i}r
- separate verb class for -Ar verbs, whereby {A} is added to verb stem before -{i}r
Note:
- applies to -{i}rken too
Words that break vowel harmony
- deal with via {e}
- examples: saat, dikkat, idrak, harp (harb-), harf, kalp (kalb-), terminal, meşgul, festival
Epenthetic high vowel
- deal with via {y} (or something else, since {y} is already used, but Kazakh and Kyrgyz and Tatar use {y})
- examples: nehir/nehr-, ..?
Morphology
verbal noun w̄ cases | verbal noun w̄ px* | verbal noun w̄ postpositions | verbal adjective | verbal adverb | participle | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-m{I}ş | yes | yes | ile, için, .. | yes | yes -m{I}ş ol- | |
-m{A}{K} | yes -DAn, -DA, .., otherwise turns to -m{A} |
turns to -m{A} | için, .. | yes | yes -m{A}{K} iste- | |
-m{A} | yes | yes | ? | no (cf. yazma sınav) |
— | |
-{y}{A}c{A}{K} | yes | yes? | yes? | yes w̄ <px*> ! |
— | |
-{D}{I}{K}¹,² | yes | yes | ? | yes w̄ <px*> ! |
— | |
-{y}{A}r{A}{K} | yes | |||||
-{i}p | — | — | — | — | yes | — |
-({A})-{i}rken | yes | |||||
-{C}{I} | yes | |||||
-{y}{I}nc{A} | — | — | kadar, | —? | yes | —? |