Kazakh/Case
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What's a case? What's not a case?
These all follow bare nouns (and can follow possessed forms too?), but they differ from one another in a number of ways.
Note that "yes" for "substantive?" generally means "can be followed by another 'case' suffix" (sometimes even recursively)!
| form | name | verbal argument? | verbal adjunct? | attributive? | substantive? | postpositional obj? | irregular with pronouns? | irregular with possession? | C phonology | V phonology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | nominative/absolutive | yes | ~no | ~yes | yes | yes | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) |
| -NI | accusative | yes | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| -GA | dative | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| -NIң | genitive | no | no | yes | no | ~yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| -DA | locative | no | yes | no | no | no? | no | yes | yes | yes |
| -DAн | ablative | yes | yes | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| -Мен | instrumental/etc. | yes | yes | no? | no | yes | yes | no | yes | no |
| -Nікі | substantive genitive | (with case) | (with case) | (with case) | yes | (with case) | yes | yes | no | no |
| -DAGI | attributive locative | (with case) | (with case) | yes | yes | (with case) | no | yes | yes | yes |
| -DAй | similative | (with case) | yes | yes | yes | no? | no | yes | yes | yes |
| -сIз | abessive | (with case) | yes | yes | yes | no? | yes | no? | (no) | yes |
| -LI | ? | no? | yes | yes | ||||||
| -LIK | ? | no? | yes | yes | ||||||
| сайын | "every" | no | yes | no | no | no | ? | no | no | no |
| form | name | verbal argument? | verbal adjunct? | attributive? | substantive? | postpositional obj? | irregular with pronouns? | irregular with possession? | C phonology | V phonology |