Difference between revisions of "Malayalam"
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| − | Masculine Sanskrit nouns with a word stem ending in a short /a/ take the ending /an/ in the nominative singular. For example, Kr̥ṣṇa → Kr̥ṣṇan. The final /n/ is dropped before masculine surnames, honorifics, or titles ending in /an/ and beginning with a consonant other than /n/ – e.g., "Krishna Menon", "Krishna Kaniyaan" etc., but "Krishnan Ezhutthachan". Surnames ending with /ar/ or /aḷ/ (where these are plural forms of "an" denoting respect) are treated similarly – "Krishna Pothuval", "Krishna Chakyar", but "Krishnan Nair", "Krishnan Nambiar", as are Sanskrit surnames such "Varma(n)", "Sharma(n)", or "Gupta(n)" (rare) – e.g., "Krishna Varma", "Krishna Sharman". If a name is a compound, only the last element undergoes this transformation – e.g., "Kr̥ṣṇa" + "dēva" = "Kr̥ṣṇadēvan", not "Kr̥ṣṇandēvan" |
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| − | Feminine words ending in a long /ā/ or /ī/ are changed to end in a short /a/ or /i/, for example "Sītā" → "Sīta" and "Lakṣmī" → "Lakṣmi". However, the long vowel still appears in compound words, such as "Sītādēvi" or" Lakṣmīdēvi". The long ī is generally reserved for the vocative forms of these names, although in Sanskrit the vocative actually takes a short /i/. There are also a small number of nominative /ī/ endings that have not been shortened – a prominent example being the word "strī" for "woman". |
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| − | Sanskrit words describing things or animals rather than people with a stem in short /a/ end with an /m/ in Malayalam. For example,"Rāmāyaṇa" → "Rāmāyaṇam". In most cases, this is actually the same as the Sanskrit accusative case ending, which is also /m/ (or, allophonically, anusvara due to the requirements of the sandhi word-combining rules) in the neuter nominative. However, "things and animals" and "people" are not always differentiated based on whether or not they are sentient beings; for example, "Narasimha" becomes "Narasiṃham" and not "Narasiṃhan", whereas "Ananta" becomes "Anantan" even though both are sentient. This does not strictly correspond to the Sanskrit neuter gender, as both "Narasiṃha" and "Ananta" are masculine nouns in the original Sanskrit. |
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== scripting == |
== scripting == |
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Revision as of 15:50, 3 December 2019
Morphotactics
Verbs
| Form | Description | Tag | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | stemk-unnu | <pres> |
kuttikal kalikkunnu children play |
The children are playing. |
| Future | stem-um | <fut> |
naale mala peyyum tomorrow rain will.fall |
It will rain tomorrow. |
| Present progressive | presk-unt | aval nannaayi pathikkunt she well studying.is |
She is studying well. | |
| Present progressive (II) | inf ān | siita avite irikkuka ān Sita there sit is. |
Sita is sitting there. | |
| Iterative present | stem-kontu-iri-kk-unnu | avan paatikkontirikkunnu He singing.is |
He is singing. | |
| Iterative fut | stem-kontu-iri-kk-um | avan paatikkontirikkum He singing.will.be |
He will be singing. | |
| Iterative past | stem-kontu-iri-unnu | avan paatikkontirunnu He singing.was |
He was singing. | |
| Continuous iterative | stem-konte-iri-kunnu | kuttikal paatikkonteeyirunnu children sang.without.stopping |
The children sang without stopping | |
| Perfect | innale mala peytirunnu yesterday rain fell |
It rained yesterday. | ||
| Contemporaneous perfect | yuddham pottippurappettirikkunnu war broken#out.has |
War has broken out! | ||
| Remote perfect | ñaan paattŭ pathiccittuntŭ I music studied.had |
I had studied music. | ||
| Habitual present | juun maasattil mala peyyaaruntŭ June month.in rain falls.usually |
It usually rains in June. | ||
| Habitual past | ñaan delhiyil pookaaruntaayirunnu I Delhi.to go.used#to |
I used to go to Delhi. | ||
| Imperative | putiya vidyaarthikal hedmaasrrare kaaneentataanŭ new students headmaster meet.should |
New students should meet the headmaster. | ||
| Promissive | past-ām | ñaan naale varaam I tomorrow come.will |
I will come tomorrow. | |
| Emphatic promissive | past-ēk-ām | ñaan naale vanneekkaam I tomorrow come.will |
I will come tomorrow. | |
| Permissive | past-ō (kolluu) | vannoo you.may.come |
You may come. | |
| Permissive (II) | past-ootte | avan avite irunnootte He there sit.let |
Let him sit there. | |
| Permissive (III) | avar avite taamasikkatte He there sit.let |
Let him sit there. | ||
| Permissive (Formal) | paas ullavarkkŭ itilee pookaavunnatŭ aanŭ pass having this.way go.may is |
Those who have a pass may go this way. | ||
| Optative | mala peyyatte rain fall.let |
Let it rain. | ||
| Precative | stem-anē (= stem-uka-vēnam-ē) | mala peyyanee rain fall.may |
May it rain. |
scripting
It is a Brahmic script used commonly to write the Malayalam language, which is the principal language of Kerala, India, spoken by 35 million people in the world.[3] Malayalam script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala. Like many other Indic scripts, it is an alphasyllabary (abugida), a writing system that is partially “alphabetic” and partially syllable-based. The modern Malayalam alphabet has 15 vowel letters, 36 consonant letters, and a few other symbols. The Malayalam script is a Vatteluttu alphabet extended with symbols from the Grantha alphabet to represent Indo-Aryan loanwords. The script is also used to write several minority languages such as Paniya, Betta Kurumba, and Ravula. The Malayalam language itself was historically written in several different scripts.
https://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/incubator/apertium-mal
