Indic

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The Indic languages include Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Sanskrit, and several other languages. These languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent. The number of people that speak an Indic language is upwards of 900,000,000.

The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.

Status

The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Indic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.

Transducers

See also: Indic lexicon

Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".

name Language ISO 639 formalism state stems coverage location primary authors
-2 -3
apertium-hin Hindi hi hin HFST (lexc+twol) production 37,833 - apertium-hin (languages) Nikant, Abu Zaher Md. Faridee, Fran
apertium-urd Urdu ur urd HFST (lexc+twol) production 14,943 - apertium-urd (languages) -
apertium-ben Bengali bn ben HFST (lexc+twol) production 8,230 - apertium-ben (languages) Abu Zaher Md. Faridee
apertium-san Sanskrit sa san HFST (lexc+twol) production 123,373 - apertium-san (languages) Amba Kulkarni


Indic Language Classification


Pairs

Some Turkic languages that are particularly similar to one another (and hence have high levels of mutual intelligibility) include those in the following list:

Chuvash is very distant from other Turkic languages and is not even partially mutually intelligible with any of them.

Table of dix progress

As counted with https://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/trunk/apertium-tools/get_stems.py

tur aze tuk uzb kir kaz tat chv bak uig khk eng rus
tur —
aze —
tuk —
uzb —
kir —
kaz —
tat —
chv —
bak —
uig —
khk —
eng —
rus —

Turkic-Turkic pairs

See also: Turkic-Turkic translator

Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk.

tur aze tuk uzb kir kaz tat chv bak uig
tur — tur-aze tur-tuk tur-uzb tr-ky tr-tt tr-cv
aze aze-tur —
tuk tuk-tur —
uzb tur-uzb —
kir ky-tr — ky-kk
kaz kaz-kir — kaz-tat
tat tt-tr tat-kaz — tt-ba
chv cv-tr —
bak ba-tt —
uig —

Pairs with non-Turkic languages

tur aze tuk uzb kir kaz tat chv bak uig
eng tr-en ky-en kaz-eng
fr
es
it
ru cv-ru
mng/khk mn-kk

Roadmap

  • Stable release of apertium-kaz
  • Stable release of apertium-tat
  • Stable release of apertium-kaz-tat
  • Rework apertium-kir to match new standards
  • Bring apertium-bak up to date (based on apertium-tat)
  • Expand apertium-tat-bak
  • Beta release of apertium-kaz-kir
  • Expand apertium-tuk
  • Expand apertium-chv
  • Basic transducers for:
    • Khakas
    • Tuvan
    • Sakha
    • Shor
    • Qaralpaq (based on Tatar Kazakh, probably, no?)
    • Uzbek
    • Uyghur
    • Nogay
    • Kumyk

Getting involved

We have a work plan for developing Turkic-Turkic translators and are working on a how-to for building a Turkic lexicon. Please come talk to us on IRC or contact us on the apertium-turkic mailing list.

Tagset

Rough guide to tagsets in various Turkic language transducers, with an eye to keeping stuff that is basically the same tagged the same. In the following table, A stands for Apertium and T stands for TRmorph (See also the general tagset list).

Phenomenon Morphology Description Tag(s) Language(s) Notes
Part of speech
Noun <n>
Proper noun <np>
Determiner <det>
Numeral <num>
Adjective <adj> incl. var/yok
Adverb <adv>
Pronoun <prn>
Verb <v>
Auxiliary verb <vaux>
Copula <cop>
Adverb <adv>
Postadverb <postadv>
Postposition <post>
Particle[1] <part>
Coordinating conjunction <cnjcoo>
Subordinating conjunction <cnjsub>
Adverbial conjunction <cnjadv>
Abbreviation <abbr>
Personal Title <title>
Interjection <ij> Әлбетте(kaz), жок(kir) (cf. Adj)
Proper noun types
Toponym <top>
Anthroponym <ant>
Patronym <pat>
Cognomen (Surname) <cog>
Acronym <acr>
Other <al>
Pronoun types
Personal <pers>
Ordinal <ord>
Demonstrative <dem>
Indefinite <ind>
Interrogative <itg>
Reflexive <ref>
Quantifier <qnt>
Positive <pst>
Negative <neg>
Comparative <comp>
Reciprocal <recip>
First person <p1>
Second person <p2>
Third person <p3>
Numeral types
Substantive Substantive form of numerals (when they are used as the head of the noun phrase) <subst>
Ordinal <ord> Chuvash: -мĂш
Distributive <dist> Chuvash: -шĂр
Collective <coll> Chuvash: -Ăн
Case
Nominative case (unmarked) <nom>
Genitive case <gen>
Dative case <dat>
Locative case <loc>
Ablative case -DAn Case indicating movement away <abl> Pan-turkic
Comitative case <com>
Terminative case <ter> Chuvash: -ччен
Benefactive (Purposive) case <ben> Chuvash: -шĂн
Allative (Directive) case Case indicating motion towards something <all> Chuvash: -АллА
Posession
1st pers sg <px1sg>
1st pers pl <px1pl>
2nd pers sg <px2sg>
2nd pers pl <px2pl>
3rd pers sg <px3sg>
3rd pers pl <px3pl>
3rd pers sg or pl <px3sp>
Gender
Masculine <m>
Feminine <f>
Masculine / feminine <mf>
Number
Singular <sg>
Plural <pl>
Tense, aspect, mood
Present tense <pres>
Present continuous tense <cont> Turkish: -{bI}yor
Evidential tenseless/past tense <evid> Turkish: -m{I}ş (<past><evid>)
Past tense <past> Kyrgyz: -{G}{A}н
Definite past tense <ifi> Turkish: -{D}{I}
Imperfect <pii> Turkish: Aorist + -m{A}kt{A}
Past habitual tense <pih> Turkish: Aorist + -{D}{I}
Future tense <fut> Turkish: -{bY}{A}c{A}{k}
Imperative -ø Mood for giving orders <imp>A, <t_imp>T Pan-turkic Turkish: -ø
Conditional <cond> Turkish: -s{A}
Aorist <aor> Turkish: -{A}r or -{bI}r
Optative <opt> Turkish: -{bY}{A}, Kirghiz: -мAк>чI
Obligative <oblig> Turkish: -m{A}l{I}
Potential <pot> Kirghiz: -чUдAй
Not-yet tense <notyet> Kirghiz: -E элек
Non-finite verb forms
Gerund makes verbs usable as nouns <ger>, <vn>?
Verbal adjective makes verbs usable as adjectives <vadj>
Participle makes verb a matrix verb usable auxiliaries and modals <part>, <vadv>?
??? makes verb usable as first of a dual-predicate construction ??
Infinitive citation form of verb and use in certain constructions <inf>?
Gerund #1 <ger1> Turkish: -m{A}
Gerund #2 <ger2> Turkish: -m{A}{K}
Gerund #3 <ger3> Turkish: -{D}{I}{k}
Gerund #4 <ger4> Turkish: -{bY}{I}ş
Gerund #5 <ger5> Turkish: -{bY}{A}n
Gerund #6 <ger6> Turkish: -{bY}{A}r{A}k
Gerund #7 <ger10> Turkish: -{bY}{I}p
Future gerund #1 <fger> Turkish: -{bY}{A}c{A}{k}
Imperfect participle #1 <fger> Turkish: -{bY}{A}r{A}{k}
Productive verbal derivation
Passive <pass>
Causative <caus>
Cooperative <coop> -{I}ш(kir), -{I}с(kaz)
Transitivity
Transitive, переходный <tv>
Intransitive, непереходный <iv>
Modal/question/etc. "particles"
Question used with yes/no, focus, etc. question morphemes <qst> most-all {М}{А}(kaz), {B}{I}(kir), m{I}(tur); +ше(kaz), ч{I}(kir)
Emphatic used with imperative/optative and other coercive verb forms <emph> most +ш{I}(kaz), +ч{I}(kir),(tat), s{A}n{A}(tur)

Official poem

  • Kovayla bira içerim, ama sen bilmezsin. Yarın gelir misin?
  • Vedrəyle pivə içirəm, ama sen bilməzsən. Yarın gələrmisən?
  • Чиләк белән сыра эчәм, әмма син белмисең. Иртәгә киләсеңме?
  • Шелекпен сыра ішемін, бірақ сен білмейсің. Ертең келесің бе?
  • Чака менен сыра ичем, бирок сен билбейсиң. Эртең келесиңби?
  • Челек булан пиво ичемен амма сен билмейсен. Эртен гелемисен?

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Warning: The use of the particle tag is highly discouraged.
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