Dependency based re-ordering

There are dependency parsers based on constraint grammar for a few languages which Apertium would like to treat (e.g. the Sámi languages and Faroese), it might be a nice idea to be able to do re-ordering before transfer (or during transfer) based on the dependency tree (this would not do lexical transfer, concordance or anything else, just LU reordering). The sister project Matxin already does something like this, so it would be worth looking there for ideas.

The first stage would be to convert cg-proc to output dependency information along with the lexical units. The second stage would be to write a module that builds a tree and does moving operations. Special care would need to be taken of superblanks.

Examples

In the example below,

Í  upphavi   skapti  Gud himmal og  jørð
In beginning created God heaven and earth

`In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth'

The subject could be moved before the verb using the dependency information, while inserting the determiners and doing concordance etc. would be left up to the rest of the transfer. The benefit to using the dependency graph to move stuff around is that it allows for limitless sized NPs etc.

Annotation

"<Í>"
        "í" Pr @ADVL> #1->3 
"<upphavi>"
        "upphav" N Neu Sg Dat Indef @P< #2->1 
"<skapti>"
        "skapa" V Ind Prt Sg @VMAIN #3->0 
"<Gud>"
        "gudur" N Msc Sg Nom Indef @<SUBJ #4->3 
"<himmal>"
        "himmal" N Msc Sg Acc Indef @<OBJ #5->3 
"<og>"
        "og" CC @CC #6->5 
"<jørð>"
        "jørð" N Fem Sg Acc Indef @<OBJ #7->5
"<.>"
        "." CLB #8->0 

In Apertium

In Apertium format, this input might look something like:

^Í/í<pr><@ADVL→><#1→3>$ 
^upphavi/upphav<n><nt><sg><dat><ind><@P←><#2→1>$ 
^skapti/skapa<vblex><pri><sg><@VMAIN><#3→0>$ 
^Gud/gudur<n><m><sg><nom<ind><@←SUBJ><#4→3>$ 
^himmal/himmal<n><m><sg><acc><ind><@←OBJ><#5→3>$
^og/og<cnjcoo><@CC><#6→5>$
^jørð/jørð<n><m><sg><acc><ind><@←OBJ><#7→5>$
^./.<sent><#8→0>$

And then you might have a rule which looks something like:

 REORDER (@VMAIN @←SUBJ @←OBJ) TO (@←SUBJ @VMAIN @←OBJ)
 RELABEL (@←SUBJ) (@SUBJ→)

Giving the output:

^Í/í<pr><@ADVL→><#1→4>$ 
^upphavi/upphav<n><nt><sg><dat><ind><@P←><#2→1>$ 
^Gud/gudur<n><m><sg><nom<ind><@SUBJ→><#3→4>$ 
^skapti/skapa<vblex><pri><sg><@VMAIN><#4→0>$ 
^himmal/himmal<n><m><sg><acc><ind><#←OBJ><#5→4>$
^og/og<cnjcoo><@CC><#6→5>$
^jørð/jørð<n><m><sg><acc><ind><#←OBJ><#7→5>$
^./.<sent><#8→0>$

Graph

                                       0
                                       |
 (2)upphav----- (1)í[@ADVL]-------(3)skapa[@VMAIN]
                                     |   | 
                                     |   |________ (5)himmal[@OBJ]----(6)og
                             ________|                | 
                            |                         ---------(7)jørð
                       (4)gudur[@SUBJ]

Matxin

We could also try outputting Matxin format. Although Matxin uses chunks as well as nodes, we should be able to just do node based trees, e.g.

                           S1 (SENT)
                          __|_____
  C2 (grup-verb) --------|   |  |----------------- C4 (F-term)
   |                         |
  N4 sacude                 C3 (obj)
   |                         |
  C1 (subj)                  |
   |                        N5 Bagdad
  N3 atentado
   |
  ------------
  |          |
 N1 Un      N2 triple

Could be represented

                                 N0 (SENT)
                                  __|_____
            ----------------------|   |  |----------------- N6 . (F-term)
            |                         |
           N4 sacude (grup-verb)     N5 Bagdad (obj)
            |
           N3 atentado (subj)
            |
      ------------
      |          |
     N1 Un      N2 triple 

The above example in Faroese might come out something like:

<SENTENCE ord="1">
  <NODE form='skapti' lem='skapa' ord='3' mi='V.Ind.Prt.Sg' si='VMAIN'>
    <NODE form='Í' lem='Í' ord='1' mi='Pr' si='ADVL'>
      <NODE form='upphavi' lem='upphav' ord='2' mi='N.Neu.Sg.Dat.Indef' si='P'/>
    </NODE>
    <NODE form='Gud' lem='Gud' ord='4' mi='N.Prop.Sg.Nom' si='SUBJ'/>
    <NODE form='himmal' lem='himmal' ord='5' mi='N.Msc.Sg.Acc.Indef' si='OBJ'/>
  </NODE>
</SENTENCE>