Difference between revisions of "Morphology of Tatar language"
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; Letters 'е' 'ю' 'я' |
; Letters 'е' 'ю' 'я' |
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* ел+ы ''but'' егет+кә, гаеп+ле |
* ел+ы ''but'' егет+кә, гаеп+ле |
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** having 'е' in stem is not enough to decide which variant of suffix (back-vowel or front-vowel) to choose<ref>It seems that in one-syllable words beginning with 'е' it always stands for [йы]. In two-or-more-syllable words decisive are the next to the end vowel. E.g. ''ел-ы'' ("his/its year") and ''егыл-ган'' ("falled down"), ''егет-кә''. That means that 'е' should be |
** having 'е' in stem is not enough to decide which variant of suffix (back-vowel or front-vowel) to choose<ref>It seems that in one-syllable words beginning with 'е' it always stands for [йы]. In two-or-more-syllable words decisive are the next to the end vowel. E.g. ''ел-ы'' ("his/its year") and ''егыл-ган'' ("falled down"), ''егет-кә'' ("to the guy"). That means that 'е' should be treated as a front vowel (which is the case) with an exception when it is in initial position in a one syllable word. The same is true for 'ю' and 'я' with vice versa statement about the default backness</ref> |
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=== Twol rules needed for this === |
=== Twol rules needed for this === |
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Revision as of 20:37, 13 March 2012
Contents
Phonology
Vowel harmony
- See Vowel harmony and Wikipedia
- Backness harmony
There are two classes of vowels in Tatar — front and back. Backness harmony states that words may not contain both front and back vowels.
- Rounding harmony
Rounding harmony isn't represented in writing and is therefore not discussed here.
Exceptions
- Loanwords
- икътисад-ы-на, сәркатиб-е-нә
- suffix harmonizes with the last syllable
- табигать-кә, җәмгыять-кә, секретар(ь)-енә, табигат(ь)-е
- -ь denotes that -а- and -я- are pronunced as [ә] and [jә] respectively (at least similar to them)
- -ь is deleted before suffixes starting with a vowel
- Letters 'е' 'ю' 'я'
- ел+ы but егет+кә, гаеп+ле
- having 'е' in stem is not enough to decide which variant of suffix (back-vowel or front-vowel) to choose[1]
Twol rules needed for this
- "Soft sign deletion before suffix starting with a vowel"
- ь:0 <=> _ %>: :Vowel ;
Number
{L}{A}р Plural
| Rules | surface forms of -/{L}{A}р/ | Examples | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ends with nasal consonants (м, н, ң) | -нар/-нәр | streets,enemies,dawns | |
| Ends with anything else | -лар/-ләр | children,girls,books,fools |
Twol rules needed for this
"Plural alternation after nasal"- %{L%}:н <=> :NasalCns %>: _ %{A%}: р ;
Possessives
() = deleted after vowel, [] = deleted after consonant, {} = archivowel/consonant
({I})м, 1sg
({I})ң, 2sg
[с]{I}, 3sg
({I})б{I}з, 1pl
({I})г{I}з, 2pl
[с]{I} or {L}{A}р{I} 3pl
Note: -лары/-ләре, -нары/-нәре can have several meanings:
- Әниләре өйдә юк. - Their mother is not at home.
- Аның малайлары да үзенә охшаган. - His sons are just like him. (In this case {L}{A}р{I} is a combination of the plural suffix {L}{A}р and the 3 person singular possessive suffix [с]{I})
- аларның сүзләре - their words
1st Person Possessives
| Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -ым becomes -м if ends with vowel | my horse, my son | |
| Plural | -ыбыз becomes -быз if ends with vowel | our horse, our son |
2nd Person Possessive
| Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -ың becomes -ң if ends with vowel | your horse, your son | |
| Plural | -ыгыз becomes -гыз if ends with vowel | your horse,your son |
3rd Person Possessive
| Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| -- | -ы becomes -сы when following vowel[2] | his horse, his son |
General Possessive
| Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| -- | -ныкы/-неке | бала+ныкы,дәүләтнеке | child's,state's, (as their own NPs) |
Сases
| Case Name | Suffixes |
|---|---|
| absolute | --- |
| genitive | -ның/-нең |
| dative | -га/-гә, -ка/-кә |
| definite-accusative | -ны/-не |
| ablative | -дан/-дән, -тан/-тән, -нан/-нән |
| locative | -да/-дә, -та/-тә |
Notes
- ↑ It seems that in one-syllable words beginning with 'е' it always stands for [йы]. In two-or-more-syllable words decisive are the next to the end vowel. E.g. ел-ы ("his/its year") and егыл-ган ("falled down"), егет-кә ("to the guy"). That means that 'е' should be treated as a front vowel (which is the case) with an exception when it is in initial position in a one syllable word. The same is true for 'ю' and 'я' with vice versa statement about the default backness
- ↑ Or -сы becomes -ы when following consonant, in other words
