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"aorist" |
"aorist" |
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+ | == Definitions == |
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+ | * '''Gnomic''' is about general truths, devoid of time references. |
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+ | ** e.g. "Teachers write lessons." / ... / "I like rain." / "Salespeople buy lots of cars." |
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+ | * '''Habitual''' is about events that occur regularly. |
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+ | ** e.g. "The teacher writes an exercise every day." / "It rains in the spring." / "I like rain when it's warm." (maybe gnomic?) / "I buy a new car every two years." |
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+ | * '''Episodic''' is about single events that occur in episodes across some span of time (in this case with undefined beginnings and ends). |
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+ | ** e.g. "The teacher is writing a book." / ... / "I'm liking this rainy weather." / "I'm [in the drawn-out process of] buying a car. |
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+ | * '''Progressive/continuous''' is about an event that is in the process of occurring at the referenced time. |
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+ | ** e.g. "The teacher is writing an exercise for the students." / "It's raining outside right now." / ... / "I'm buying a car right now [I'll call you back]." |
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+ | * '''Future''' is anything that happens in the future. In the situations below it mostly includes a gnomic, habitual, or perfective aspect too. |
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+ | ** e.g. "The teacher will write lessons"/"an exercise every day"/"a book". / "It's going to rain tomorrow." / "I'll like this movie when I see it." / "I'm going to buy a car soon." |
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+ | |||
+ | == Table == |
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{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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− | ! aspect !! Kyrgz !! Kazakh !! Tatar !! Turkish !! Turkmen |
+ | ! aspect !! Kyrgz !! Kazakh !! Tatar !! Turkish !! Turkmen !! Sakha !! (Khalkha) |
|- |
|- |
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− | | gnomic || жазат || жазады || яза || yazıyor, yazar || ýazýar, ýazar |
+ | | gnomic || жазат || жазады || яза || yazıyor, yazar || ýazýar, ýazar || суруйар || бичдэг, бичнэ<ref>the latter only with "stative" verbs</ref> |
|- |
|- |
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− | | habitual || жазат || жазады || яза || yazıyor, yazar || ýazýar, ýazar |
+ | | habitual || жазат || жазады || яза || yazıyor, yazar || ýazýar, ýazar || суруйар ||бичдэг |
|- |
|- |
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− | | episodic || жазып жүрөт || жазып жүр || яза || yazıyor || |
+ | | episodic || жазып жүрөт || жазып жүр || яза || yazıyor || || суруйар || бичиж байна, бичдэг байна (?) |
|- |
|- |
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| progressive/continuous |
| progressive/continuous |
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| yazıyor |
| yazıyor |
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| ýazıp ýatyr |
| ýazıp ýatyr |
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+ | | суруйар |
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+ | | бичиж байна |
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|- |
|- |
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| future |
| future |
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| yazacak, (yazar?) |
| yazacak, (yazar?) |
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| ýazar, ýazjak |
| ýazar, ýazjak |
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+ | | суруйоҕа |
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+ | | бичнэ |
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|} |
|} |
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+ | === Notes and references === |
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− | |||
+ | <references/> |
||
[https://ling.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/alumni%20senior%20essays/CaroSeniorEssay.pdf This paper] has a good literature review and discussion of the Turkish forms. |
[https://ling.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/alumni%20senior%20essays/CaroSeniorEssay.pdf This paper] has a good literature review and discussion of the Turkish forms. |
Latest revision as of 16:37, 26 April 2021
"aorist"
Definitions[edit]
- Gnomic is about general truths, devoid of time references.
- e.g. "Teachers write lessons." / ... / "I like rain." / "Salespeople buy lots of cars."
- Habitual is about events that occur regularly.
- e.g. "The teacher writes an exercise every day." / "It rains in the spring." / "I like rain when it's warm." (maybe gnomic?) / "I buy a new car every two years."
- Episodic is about single events that occur in episodes across some span of time (in this case with undefined beginnings and ends).
- e.g. "The teacher is writing a book." / ... / "I'm liking this rainy weather." / "I'm [in the drawn-out process of] buying a car.
- Progressive/continuous is about an event that is in the process of occurring at the referenced time.
- e.g. "The teacher is writing an exercise for the students." / "It's raining outside right now." / ... / "I'm buying a car right now [I'll call you back]."
- Future is anything that happens in the future. In the situations below it mostly includes a gnomic, habitual, or perfective aspect too.
- e.g. "The teacher will write lessons"/"an exercise every day"/"a book". / "It's going to rain tomorrow." / "I'll like this movie when I see it." / "I'm going to buy a car soon."
Table[edit]
aspect | Kyrgz | Kazakh | Tatar | Turkish | Turkmen | Sakha | (Khalkha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gnomic | жазат | жазады | яза | yazıyor, yazar | ýazýar, ýazar | суруйар | бичдэг, бичнэ[1] |
habitual | жазат | жазады | яза | yazıyor, yazar | ýazýar, ýazar | суруйар | бичдэг |
episodic | жазып жүрөт | жазып жүр | яза | yazıyor | суруйар | бичиж байна, бичдэг байна (?) | |
progressive/continuous | жазып жатат | жазып жатыр | яза | yazıyor | ýazıp ýatyr | суруйар | бичиж байна |
future | жазат | жазады | язачак, язар | yazacak, (yazar?) | ýazar, ýazjak | суруйоҕа | бичнэ |
Notes and references[edit]
- ↑ the latter only with "stative" verbs
This paper has a good literature review and discussion of the Turkish forms.