Difference between revisions of "English and Hindi/ Contrastive Grammar"
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English belongs to the Indo-European language family and falls under Scandinavian languages. English is one of the most spoken languages in the world, with 360 to 400 million speakers for whom it is their mother tongue, 400 million speakers for whom it is their second language and 600 to 700 speakers for whom it is a foreign language. Whereas Hindi is one of the most studied languages and one of the richest languages in the world as enlisted by the UN. There are total (including language 1 and language 2 speakers) 380 million speakers in the whole world. |
English belongs to the Indo-European language family and falls under Scandinavian languages. English is one of the most spoken languages in the world, with 360 to 400 million speakers for whom it is their mother tongue, 400 million speakers for whom it is their second language and 600 to 700 speakers for whom it is a foreign language. Whereas Hindi is one of the most studied languages and one of the richest languages in the world as enlisted by the UN. There are total (including language 1 and language 2 speakers) 380 million speakers in the whole world. |
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== '''''Differences''''' == |
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Here are a few differences between two of the richest languages in the world enlisted below |
Here are a few differences between two of the richest languages in the world enlisted below |
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==Sentence Structure== |
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===Phonology=== |
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The sound systems of [[English]] and [[Dutch]] are somewhat similar, therefore the speakers of both languages seem to have no problem in pronouncing or speaking each other's language. However there are few words with mispronunciation in the vowels. Like for example:- |
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Pronunciation in - (ENGLISH / DUTCH) |
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* {{test|eng|Sit/Seat}} |
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* {{test|eng|Not/Nut}} |
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* {{test|eng|Caught/Coat}} |
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and et cetera |
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More examples of differences between the languages with respect to voiced consonents are also enlisted below: |
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*{{test|eng|Rub/rup}} (difficulty in spelling the letter "b" in dutch) |
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*{{test|eng|Bird/birt}} (difficulty in spelling the letter "d" in dutch) |
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*{{test|eng|Wine/Vine}} (difficulty in spelling the letter "w" in dutch) |
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*{{test|eng|Think/Sink or tink}} (due lisp) |
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However both Dutch and English speakers can easily adopt each other's accent easily after practice as the stress and intonation patterns in Dutch and English are similar. |
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===Grammar=== |
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At first let us look at the differences of ''Verbs'' and ''Tenses''. |
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As mentioned above about a million times now, English and Dutch are very similar languages, even in terms of verbs and tenses. However usages of some words which are limited in a language may result in some changes in the translations. |
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For example:- |
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* In dutch - {{test|du|waar kom je vandaan }} |
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In English - {{test|eng|where you come from}} (in this the auxillary ''DO'' is missing) |
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* In dutch- {{test|du|Ik drink geen bier}} |
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In English - {{test|eng|I drink not beer}} (the auxillary ''DO'' is missing) |
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* In Dutch- {{test|du|Ik heb een bad gehad toen hij belde}} |
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In English - {{test|eng|I had a bath when he phoned}} (grammatical error) |
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Small errors also are found in the transitioning of the tenses. |
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===Vocabulary=== |
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Dutch and English share a lot- a great number of cognates, basic Germanic vocabulary and shared Romance vocabulary. Though still there are many words in both the languages that are use in same type of sentences but have a different meaning or varied meaning with same meaning. Here are few such examples of these type of words. These words are also referred to as "False Friends" :- |
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*''arm'' in english (body part)- in dutch, this word has two meanings- ''Arm'' as in body part or ''Wapen'' which is weapon or coat of arms |
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*''Actual'' in english (original)- in dutch, this word ''Actueel'' means current (present) |
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*''Big'' in english (huge, tall)- in dutch, this word ''groot'' [guess now we know where MCU got the name for our favourite walking talking tree] means tall or large |
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===Word Order=== |
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Both Dutch and English sentences are built around the SVO pattern. The only difference is when a sentence doesn’t start with the subject, for example: |
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{{test|eng|On Friday we went to the cinema.}} |
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In Dutch the subject we and the verb went swap places: |
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{{test|du|Op vrijdag gingen we naar de bioscoop.}} |
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(And if you read that sentence in Dutch carefully you should be able to decipher it easily which shows just how closely Dutch and English are related.) |
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More examples: |
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{{test|eng|Ren likes playing basketball}} |
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{{test|du|Ren speelt graag basketbal}} |
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{{test|eng|The cat ate the fish}} |
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{{test|du|De kat heeft de vis opgegeten}} |
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Other word order issues include infinitives and past participles being placed at the end of a sentence in Dutch, much like in German. |
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===Verb, Tenses and Forms=== |
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Like English, Dutch has these four basic verb forms: |
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present simple |
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past simple |
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present perfect |
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past perfect |
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However their use in Dutch does not always correspond with their use in English. |
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One of the most common mistakes Dutch mt learners of English make is using the present perfect where a past simple is required. Whereas in English we would say: |
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She left for London yesterday. |
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In English the sentence structure is subject-verb-object (SVO). However, in Hindi, the sentence structure is subject-object-verb (SOV). Below are some examples of translations done literally according to word to word translations:- |
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Quite a number of Dutch students will say: |
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* {{test|hindi|माँ ने मुझे स्कूल भेजा|Mother me school sent}} |
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* {{test|hindi|रानी पानी पीने गयी|Rani water drink went}} |
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* {{test|hindi|आदमी खाना खाने गया|Man food eat went}} |
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* She has left for London yesterday. |
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Below are the previous sentences rearranged to English grammar standards. |
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* an asterisk denotes an ungrammatical sentence. |
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* {{test|hindi|माँ ने मुझे स्कूल भेजा|My mother sent me to school}} |
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Similarly the present tense is sometimes used instead of present perfect in sentences like this: |
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* {{test|hindi|रानी पानी पीने गयी|Rani went to drink water}} |
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* {{test|hindi|आदमी खाना खाने गया|Man went to eat food}} |
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* I live in Amsterdam since 2000. |
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==Pronouns== |
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Instead of: |
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===Personal Pronouns=== |
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I have lived in Amsterdam since 2000. |
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* {{test|fa|मुझे गाने सुनना पसंद है|I like listening to songs}} |
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Also, the present simple is sometimes used instead of the future simple: |
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* {{test|fa|वह सड़कों पर कुत्ते को बाहर ले गया|He took the dog out in the streets.}} |
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* {{test|fa|तुम मेरी बेटी हो|You are my daughter}} |
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===Possessive Pronouns=== |
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* I tell you about it tomorrow. |
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In Hindi, the possessive pronoun is a lot like English. It may have the possessive pronoun precede the noun or the possessive noun may precede the object. This is the most common way to demonstrate ownership of a noun. |
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Below are the literal translations (word to word):- |
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* {{test|hindi|रोजी अपना हार खरीदना चाहता है|Rosie her necklace buy want.}} |
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* {{test|hindi|आर्य उसकी बहन है|Arya her sister is}} |
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* {{test|hindi|वह बारिश में गा रहा है|He rain in singing.}} |
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Actual translations:- |
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Instead of: |
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* {{test|hindi|रोजी अपना हार खरीदना चाहता है|Rosie wants to buy her necklace}} |
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* {{test|hindi|आर्य उसकी बहन है|Arya is her sister}} |
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* {{test|hindi|वह बारिश में गा रहा है|He is singing in the rain}} |
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I will tell you about it tomorrow. |
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==Adjectives== |
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The use of timelines when explaining English tenses can help a lot with correcting this problem. |
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Adjectives are those words which describe the nouns. There are very few or slight differences between English adjective and Hindi adjectives. One of the major difference compared to Hindi Adjectives is that English adjectives does not modify themselves for the noun. |
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*{{test|hindi|मकान बहुत बड़ा है।|Building is very big"}} |
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*{{test|hindi|रोहन बहुत लंबा है।|Rohan is very tall}} |
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*{{test|hindi|ड्रेस बहुत सुंदर है।|Dress is very pretty}} |
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==CONCLUSION== |
==CONCLUSION== |
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Revision as of 06:36, 31 December 2017
Contents
ENGLISH AND HINDI- Study in languages
This page covers difference between English and Dutch.
English belongs to the Indo-European language family and falls under Scandinavian languages. English is one of the most spoken languages in the world, with 360 to 400 million speakers for whom it is their mother tongue, 400 million speakers for whom it is their second language and 600 to 700 speakers for whom it is a foreign language. Whereas Hindi is one of the most studied languages and one of the richest languages in the world as enlisted by the UN. There are total (including language 1 and language 2 speakers) 380 million speakers in the whole world.
Here are a few differences between two of the richest languages in the world enlisted below
Sentence Structure
In English the sentence structure is subject-verb-object (SVO). However, in Hindi, the sentence structure is subject-object-verb (SOV). Below are some examples of translations done literally according to word to word translations:-
- (hindi) माँ ने मुझे स्कूल भेजा → Mother me school sent
- (hindi) रानी पानी पीने गयी → Rani water drink went
- (hindi) आदमी खाना खाने गया → Man food eat went
Below are the previous sentences rearranged to English grammar standards.
- (hindi) माँ ने मुझे स्कूल भेजा → My mother sent me to school
- (hindi) रानी पानी पीने गयी → Rani went to drink water
- (hindi) आदमी खाना खाने गया → Man went to eat food
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
- (fa) मुझे गाने सुनना पसंद है → I like listening to songs
- (fa) वह सड़कों पर कुत्ते को बाहर ले गया → He took the dog out in the streets.
- (fa) तुम मेरी बेटी हो → You are my daughter
Possessive Pronouns
In Hindi, the possessive pronoun is a lot like English. It may have the possessive pronoun precede the noun or the possessive noun may precede the object. This is the most common way to demonstrate ownership of a noun. Below are the literal translations (word to word):-
- (hindi) रोजी अपना हार खरीदना चाहता है → Rosie her necklace buy want.
- (hindi) आर्य उसकी बहन है → Arya her sister is
- (hindi) वह बारिश में गा रहा है → He rain in singing.
Actual translations:-
- (hindi) रोजी अपना हार खरीदना चाहता है → Rosie wants to buy her necklace
- (hindi) आर्य उसकी बहन है → Arya is her sister
- (hindi) वह बारिश में गा रहा है → He is singing in the rain
Adjectives
Adjectives are those words which describe the nouns. There are very few or slight differences between English adjective and Hindi adjectives. One of the major difference compared to Hindi Adjectives is that English adjectives does not modify themselves for the noun.
- (hindi) मकान बहुत बड़ा है। → Building is very big"
- (hindi) रोहन बहुत लंबा है। → Rohan is very tall
- (hindi) ड्रेस बहुत सुंदर है। → Dress is very pretty
CONCLUSION
Our world have over a thousand languages, and over a million dialects. We should learn more about our varied languages, cultures and lives. These two languages and considered to be one of the most richest languages in the world and there are more. Let us explore the sweetness of our varied heritage even more by stepping forward to embrace our lingual differences and start adopting them.
