Difference between revisions of "User:Sushain/SemeticLanguages"
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The ''' |
The '''Semitic languages''' (<code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/semutic sem]</code>) constitute a group of related languages and a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Spoken by more than 470 million people throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, the most widely spoken Semitic languages are [[Arabic]], [[Maltese]], [[Hebrew]], [[Amharic]], and [[Tigrigna]]. |
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The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below. |
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below. |
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==Status== |
==Status== |
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The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of |
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Semitic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a [[Constraint Grammar|CG]] for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs. |
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===Transducers=== |
===Transducers=== |
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! -2 |
! -2 |
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! -3 |
! -3 |
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|- |
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| <code>[[apertium-ara]]</code> |
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|| [[Arabic]] |
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|| العربية |
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||<code>ar</code> |
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|| <code>ara</code> |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|align="right"| ? |
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|align="right"| ? |
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|align="center"| |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|- |
|- |
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| <code>[[apertium-heb]]</code> |
| <code>[[apertium-heb]]</code> |
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|| [[Hebrew]] |
|| [[Hebrew]] |
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|| עִבְרִית |
|align="right"| עִבְרִית |
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||<code>he</code> |
||<code>he</code> |
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|| <code>heb</code> |
|| <code>heb</code> |
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|| [[lttoolbox]] |
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|| ? |
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|| development |
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|align="right"| |
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|heb-stems}} |
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|align="right"| |
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|heb-paradigms}} |
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|align="center"| |
|align="center"| |
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|| [[apertium-ara-heb]] ([[incubator]]) |
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|| ? |
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|| missmaryx |
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|- |
|- |
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| <code>[[apertium-mlt]]</code> |
| <code>[[apertium-mlt]]</code> |
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||<code>mt</code> |
||<code>mt</code> |
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|| <code>mlt</code> |
|| <code>mlt</code> |
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|| [[lttoolbox]] |
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|| ? |
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|| development |
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|align="right"| |
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-mlt/stats|stems}} |
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|align="right"| |
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-mlt/stats|paradigms}} |
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|align="center"| |
|align="center"| |
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|| [[apertium-mlt]] ([[languages]]) |
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|| ? |
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|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Unhammer|Unhammer]], Fronczak |
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|| ? |
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|- |
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| <code>[[apertium-ara]]</code> |
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|| [[Arabic]] |
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|align="right"| العربية |
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||<code>ar</code> |
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|| <code>ara</code> |
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|| [[lttoolbox]] |
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|| development |
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|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-stems}} |
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|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-paradigms}} |
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|align="center"| |
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|| [[apertium-ara-heb]] ([[incubator]]) |
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|| missmaryx |
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|} |
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== |
=== Existing language pairs === |
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Text in ''italics'' denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in staging, while text in '''bold''' denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in '''''bold and italics''''' denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with [[dixcounter]] are displayed below. |
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There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages: |
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*East Semitic languages: Akkadian, Eblaite (extinct) |
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*Central Semitic languages |
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**Northwest Semitic languages: [[Aramaic]], [[Canaanite languages]], [[Hebrew]] |
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**Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, [[Arabic|Standard Arabic]], [[Maltese]], etc. |
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*South Semitic languages |
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**Western: [[Ethiopic languages]] ([[Amharic]], [[Tigrinya]], etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.) |
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**Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri) |
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== Existing language pairs == |
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Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk. |
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{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
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|- style="background: #ececec" |
|- style="background: #ececec" |
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! !! |
! !! heb !! mlt !! ara |
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|- |
|- |
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| ''' |
| '''heb''' || - || '''''[[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]'''''<br>3,634 || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>131 |
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|- |
|- |
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| ''' |
| '''mlt''' || '''''[[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]'''''<br>3,634 || - || '''''[[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]'''''<br>7,570 |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''ara''' || [[Apertium- |
| '''ara''' || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>131 || '''''[[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]'''''<br>7,570 || - |
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|- |
|- |
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| || || || |
| || || || |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''eng''' || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>814 |
| '''eng''' || || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>814 || |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''epo''' |
| '''epo''' || ''[[Apertium-eo-he|eo-he]]''<br>1,505 || || |
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|} |
|} |
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== Semitic languages by subgroup == |
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{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
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There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages: |
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|- style="background: #ececec" |
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! !! mlt !! heb !! ara |
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|- |
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| '''mlt''' || - || [[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-he/stats|mt-he-stems}} || [[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-ar/stats|mt-ar-stems}} |
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|- |
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| '''heb''' || [[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-he/stats|mt-he-stems}} || - || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-heb-stems}} |
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|- |
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| '''ara''' || [[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-ar/stats|mt-ar-stems}} || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-heb-stems}} || - |
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|- |
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| || || || |
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|- |
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| '''eng''' || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-mt/stats|en-mt-stems}} || || |
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|- |
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| '''epo''' || || ''[[Apertium-eo-he|eo-he]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eo-he/stats|eo-he-stems}} || |
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|} |
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*East Semitic languages: Akkadian, Eblaite (extinct) |
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*Central Semitic languages |
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**Northwest Semitic languages: [[Aramaic]], [[Canaanite languages]], [[Hebrew]] |
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**Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, [[Arabic|Standard Arabic]], [[Maltese]], etc. |
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*South Semitic languages |
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**Western: [[Ethiopic languages]] ([[Amharic]], [[Tigrinya]], etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.) |
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**Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri) |
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==Samples== |
==Samples== |
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! Language !! Text |
! Language !! Text |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Arabic |
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|| Maltese || Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa. |
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|align="right"| يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء. |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Maltese |
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|| Hebrew || כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה. |
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|| Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa. |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Hebrew |
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|| Arabic || يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء. |
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|align="right"| כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה. |
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|- |
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|| Amharic |
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|| የሰው፡ልጅ፡ሁሉ፡ሲወለድ፡ነጻና፡በክብርና፡በመብትም፡እኩልነት፡ያለው፡ነው።፡የተፈጥሮ፡ማስተዋልና፡ሕሊና፡ስላለው፡አንዱ፡ሌላውን፡በወንድማማችነት፡መንፈስ፡መመልከት፡ይገባዋል። |
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|- |
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|| Tigrigna |
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|| ብመንፅር ክብርን መሰልን ኩሎም ሰባት እንትውለዱ ነፃን ማዕሪን እዮም፡፡ ምስትውዓልን ሕልናን ዝተዓደሎም ብምዃኖም ንሕድሕዶም ብሕውነታዊ መንፈስ ክተሓላለዩ ኦለዎም፡፡ |
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|} |
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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semetic_languages "Semetic languages"], which is released under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0]. |
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==Vulnerability== |
==Vulnerability== |
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This table summarizes the vulnerability of various |
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Semitic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas]’ and [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue]. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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!rowspan=2| Language |
!rowspan=2| Language |
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!rowspan=2| ISO639-3 |
!rowspan=2| ISO639-3 |
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!rowspan=2| Location |
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!colspan=2|UNESCO |
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!rowspan=2| Speakers |
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!colspan=3|Ethnologue |
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!colspan=2|Status |
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|-class="sortbottom" |
|-class="sortbottom" |
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! Ethnologue |
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! Areas |
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! UNESCO |
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! Vulnerability |
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! Speakers |
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! Status |
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! Location |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic |
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|| Tigrigna |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tmr tmr]</code> |
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|| Iraq |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 10 (Extinct) |
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|| 4,320,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 2,820,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 6,915,000. |
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|| - |
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|| 2 (Provincial) |
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|| Ethiopia |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Mlahsö |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lhs lhs]</code> |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|| 21,600,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 14,750,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 21,811,560. |
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|| 1 (National) |
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|| Ethiopia |
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|- |
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|| Hebrew |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb heb]</code> |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|| 4,850,000 in Israel (1998). Population total all countries: 5,302,770. |
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|| 1 (National) |
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|| Israel |
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|- |
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|| Maltese |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlt mlt]</code> |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|| 300,000 in Malta (Katzner 1975). Population total all countries: 429,000. |
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|| 1 (National) |
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|| Malta |
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|- |
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|| Arabic, Standard |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arb arb]</code> |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|| 206,000,000 L1 speakers of all Arabic varieties (Wiesenfeld 1999). |
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|| 1 (National) |
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|| Saudi Arabia |
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|} |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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! Language !! ISO639-3 !! Areas !! Vulnerability |
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|- |
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|| Ge'ez |
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|align="center"| <code>gez</code> |
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|| Ethiopia |
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|| 5 - Extinct |
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|- |
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|| Mlahso (Syria) |
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|align="center"| <code>lhs</code> |
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|| Syrian Arab Republic |
|| Syrian Arab Republic |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 5 - Extinct |
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|| 10 (Extinct) |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Mandaic, Classical |
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|| Lishanid Noshan (Iraq) |
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|align="center"| <code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/myz myz]</code> |
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|| Iran |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 5 - Extinct |
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|| 10 (Extinct) |
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|| - |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Mesmes |
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|| Lishana Deni (Iraq) |
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|align="center"| <code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mys mys]</code> |
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|| Iraq |
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|| 5 - Extinct |
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|- |
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|| Lishan Didan (Iran) |
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|align="center"| <code>trg</code> |
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|| Iran (Islamic Republic of) |
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|| 5 - Extinct |
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|- |
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|| Hulaula (Iran) |
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|align="center"| <code>huy</code> |
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|| Iran (Islamic Republic of) |
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|| 5 - Extinct |
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|- |
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|| Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic (Iraq) |
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|align="center"| <code>bjf</code> |
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|| Iraq |
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|| 5 - Extinct |
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|- |
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|| Bathari |
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|align="center"| <code>bhm</code> |
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|| Oman |
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|| 4 - Critically endangered |
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|- |
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|| Argobba |
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|align="center"| <code>agj</code> |
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|| Ethiopia |
|| Ethiopia |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 4 - Critically endangered |
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|| 10 (Extinct) |
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|| - |
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|- |
|- |
||
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|| Syriac |
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|align="center"| <code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syc syc]</code> |
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|| Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq |
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|| 4 - Critically endangered |
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|- |
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|| Senaya |
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|align="center"| <code>syn</code> |
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|| Iran (Islamic Republic of) |
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|| 4 - Critically endangered |
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|- |
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|| Hértevin |
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|align="center"| <code>hrt</code> |
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|| Turkey |
|| Turkey |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 4 - Critically endangered |
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|| 9 (Dormant) |
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|| - |
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|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Hebrew, Ancient |
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|align="center"| <code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hbo hbo]</code> |
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|| Yemen |
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|| 3 - Severely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Jibbali |
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|align="center"| <code>shv</code> |
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|| Oman |
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|| 3 - Severely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Hobyot |
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|align="center"| <code>hoh</code> |
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|| Oman, Yemen |
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|| 3 - Severely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Zay |
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|align="center"| <code>zwa</code> |
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|| Ethiopia |
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|| 3 - Severely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Tunisian Judeo-Arabic (Israel) |
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|align="center"| <code>ajt</code> |
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|| Israel |
|| Israel |
||
|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 3 - Severely endangered |
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|| 9 (Dormant) |
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|- |
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|| - |
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|| Cypriot Arabic |
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|align="center"| <code>acy</code> |
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|| Cyprus |
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|| 3 - Severely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Turoyo |
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|align="center"| <code>tru</code> |
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|| Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey |
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|| 3 - Severely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic |
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|align="center"| <code>bhn</code> |
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|| Georgia, Russian Federation |
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|| 3 - Severely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Mehri |
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|align="center"| <code>gdq</code> |
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|| Oman, Yemen |
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|| 2 - Definitely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Harsusi |
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|align="center"| <code>hss</code> |
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|| Oman |
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|| 2 - Definitely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Moroccan Judeo-Arabic (Israel) |
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|align="center"| <code>aju</code> |
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|| Israel |
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|| 2 - Definitely endangered |
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|- |
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|| Western Neo-Aramaic |
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|align="center"| <code>amw</code> |
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|| Syrian Arab Republic |
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|| 2 - Definitely endangered |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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!rowspan=2| Language |
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!rowspan=2| ISO639-3 |
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!colspan=2|UNESCO |
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!colspan=3|Ethnologue |
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|-class="sortbottom" |
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! Areas |
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! Vulnerability |
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! Speakers |
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! Status |
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! Location |
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|- |
|- |
||
|| Geez |
|| Geez |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gez gez]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gez gez]</code> |
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|| Ethiopia |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|| No known L1 speakers in Ethiopia. |
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|| 9 (Second language only) |
|| 9 (Second language only) |
||
|| |
|| 5 (Extinct) |
||
|- |
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|| Samaritan |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/smp smp]</code> |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|| No known L1 speakers in Palestine. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi). |
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|| 9 (Dormant) |
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|| Palestine |
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|- |
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|| Hebrew, Ancient |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hbo hbo]</code> |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|| No known L1 speakers. |
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|| 9 (Dormant) |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Samaritan Aramaic |
|| Samaritan Aramaic |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sam sam]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sam sam]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Palestine |
||
|align="right"| 620 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| No known L1 speakers in Palestine. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi). |
|||
|| 9 (Dormant) |
|| 9 (Dormant) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Samaritan |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/smp smp]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Palestine |
||
|align="right"| 620 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| No known L1 speakers. |
|||
|| 9 (Dormant) |
|| 9 (Dormant) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|||
|| Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bjf bjf]</code> |
|||
|| Israel & Iraq |
|||
|align="right"| 20 |
|||
|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
|||
|| 5 (Extinct) |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Bathari |
|| Bathari |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhm bhm]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhm bhm]</code> |
||
|| Oman |
|| Oman |
||
|align="right"| 200 |
|||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| 200 in Oman (2011). |
|||
|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| Oman |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Senaya |
|| Senaya |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syn syn]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syn syn]</code> |
||
|| Iran |
|| Iran |
||
|align="right"| 460 |
|||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| 60 in Iran (1997 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 460. |
|||
|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| Iran |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bjf bjf]</code> |
|||
|| Iraq |
|||
|| 5 (Extinct) |
|||
|| 20 (2004 H. Mutzafi). |
|||
|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Soqotri |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt sqt]</code> |
|||
|| Yemen |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| 57,000 in Yemen (1990 census). Population total all countries: 64,000. |
|||
|| 8a (Moribund) |
|||
|| Yemen |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Hobyót |
|| Hobyót |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoh hoh]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoh hoh]</code> |
||
|| Oman, Yemen |
|| Oman, Yemen |
||
|align="right"| 100 |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| 100 (1998 H. Mutzafi). |
|||
|| 8a (Moribund) |
|| 8a (Moribund) |
||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| Oman |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken |
|| Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/auz auz]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/auz auz]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Uzbekistan |
||
|align="right"| 700 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 700. |
|||
|| 8a (Moribund) |
|| 8a (Moribund) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Hulaulá |
|| Hulaulá |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/huy huy]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/huy huy]</code> |
||
|| Israel & Iran |
|||
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of) |
|||
|align="right"| 10,350 |
|||
|| 5 (Extinct) |
|||
|| 10,000 in Israel (1999 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 10,350. |
|||
|| 8a (Moribund) |
|| 8a (Moribund) |
||
|| |
|| 5 (Extinct) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Soqotri |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt sqt]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Yemen |
||
|align="right"| 64,000 |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|| 8a (Moribund) |
|||
|| 50,000 in Yemen (2011). Population total all countries: 115,200. |
|||
|| |
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
||
|| Yemen |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Harsusi |
|| Harsusi |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hss hss]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hss hss]</code> |
||
|| Oman |
|| Oman |
||
|align="right"| 600 |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|| 600 (2011). |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|| Oman |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhn bhn]</code> |
||
|| Georgia, Russian Federation |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|align="right"| 1,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| 45,000 in Israel (1995 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 45,500. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Cypriot Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acy acy]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Cyprus |
||
|align="right"| 1,300 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 30,000 in Israel (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 35,000. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Lishanid Noshan |
|||
|| Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aij aij]</code> |
||
|| Israel |
|| Israel & Iraq |
||
|align="right"| 2,200 |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|| 250,000 in Israel (1992 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 258,930. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| |
|| 5 (Extinct) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Lishán Didán |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/trg trg]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Israel & Iran |
||
|align="right"| 4,450 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 100,000 in Israel (1994). Population total all countries: 151,820. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| |
|| 5 (Extinct) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Mandaic |
|||
|| Arabic, Cypriot Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mid mid]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Iran, Iraq |
||
|align="right"| 5,500 |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|||
|| 1,300 (1995). Ethnic population: 6,000 in Cypriot Maronite ethnic group, 140 Maronites in Kormatiki, 80 to 100 in Limassol, the rest in the Maronite community in Nicosia. |
|||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Lishana Deni |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lsd lsd]</code> |
|||
|| Israel & Iraq |
|||
|align="right"| 7,500 |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| |
|| 5 (Extinct) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Western Neo-Aramaic |
|| Western Neo-Aramaic |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amw amw]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amw amw]</code> |
||
|| Syrian Arab Republic |
|| Syrian Arab Republic |
||
|align="right"| 15,000 |
|||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|| 15,000 (1996). 8,000 in Maaloula. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|| Syria |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian |
|||
|| Mandaic |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yud yud]</code> |
||
|| Israel |
|||
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq |
|||
|align="right"| 35,000 |
|||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| 5,000 in Iraq (2006). Population total all countries: 5,500. Ethnic population: 30,000. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian |
|||
|| Lishanid Noshan |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajt ajt]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Israel |
||
|align="right"| 45,500 |
|||
|| 5 (Extinct) |
|||
|| 2,200 (1994 H. Mutzafi). |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Mehri |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gdq gdq]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Oman, Yemen |
||
|align="right"| 115,200 |
|||
|| 5 (Extinct) |
|||
|| 7,500 (1999 H. Mutzafi). Ethnic population: 9,060. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yhd yhd]</code> |
||
|| Israel |
|||
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of) |
|||
|align="right"| 151,820 |
|||
|| 5 (Extinct) |
|||
|| 4,230 in Israel (2001). Population total all countries: 4,450. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Chaldean Neo-Aramaic |
|| Chaldean Neo-Aramaic |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cld cld]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cld cld]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Iraq |
||
|align="right"| 206,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 100,000 in Iraq (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 206,000. |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aju aju]</code> |
||
|| Israel |
|||
|| Georgia, Russian Federation |
|||
|align="right"| 258,930 |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| 1,000 in Georgia (1999 S. Fox). |
|||
|| 7 (Shifting) |
|| 7 (Shifting) |
||
|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
|||
|| Georgia |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Zay |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/zwa zwa]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 4,880 |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Tajiki Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abh abh]</code> |
|||
|| Tajikistan |
|||
|align="right"| 6,000 |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Shehri |
|| Shehri |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shv shv]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shv shv]</code> |
||
|| Oman |
|| Oman |
||
|align="right"| 25,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| 25,000 (1993 census). |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|| 6b (Threatened) |
||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| Oman |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Zay |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/zwa zwa]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| 4,880 (1994 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,880. |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Argobba |
|| Argobba |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agj agj]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agj agj]</code> |
||
|| Ethiopia |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 43,700 |
|||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| 43,700 (2007 census). 100 monolinguals. |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Tajiki Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abh abh]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 1,000 in Tajikistan. Population total all countries: 6,000. |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|| 6b (Threatened) |
||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| Tajikistan |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Turoyo |
|| Turoyo |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tru tru]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tru tru]</code> |
||
|| Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey |
|| Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey |
||
|align="right"| 62,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| 3,000 in Turkey (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 62,000. Ethnic population: 50,000–70,000 (1994). |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|| 6b (Threatened) |
||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|| Turkey |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic |
|| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii aii]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii aii]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Iraq |
||
|align="right"| 232,300 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 30,000 in Iraq (1994). Population total all countries: 232,300. Ethnic population: 4,250,000 (1994). |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|| 6b (Threatened) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Koy Sanjaq Surat |
|||
|| Wolane |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kqd kqd]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Iraq |
||
|align="right"| 800 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Hértevin |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hrt hrt]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Turkey |
||
|align="right"| 1,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 25,800 (2007 census). 2,350 monolinguals. 20,000 in Addis Ababa, outside Harar City (Hetzron 1997:486). |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Mesqan |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mvz mvz]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 195,000 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 205,000 (Woreda Farmers’ Cooperatives Office). |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Inor |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ior ior]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 280,000. 50,000 Endegeny. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Kistane |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gru gru]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 255,000 (1994 census). Ethnic population: 364,000 (1994 census) including 4,000 Gogot. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Dahalik |
|| Dahalik |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dlk dlk]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dlk dlk]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Eritrea |
||
|align="right"| 2,500 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 2,500 (2012 J. McLaughlin). |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Harari |
|||
|| Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/har har]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 25,800 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 6,760,000 in Yemen (1996). Population total all countries: 7,078,500. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Shihhi Spoken |
|| Arabic, Shihhi Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ssh ssh]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ssh ssh]</code> |
||
|| United Arab Emirates |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|align="right"| 27,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 5,000 in United Arab Emirates (1995). Population total all countries: 27,000. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| - |
|||
|| United Arab Emirates |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/jye jye]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Israel |
||
|align="right"| 51,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 19,000,000 (2006). |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Dhofari Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/adf adf]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Oman |
||
|align="right"| 70,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 7,600,000 (1996). |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aao aao]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Algeria |
||
|align="right"| 130,500 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 5,400,000 in Iraq (1992). Population total all countries: 6,300,000. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Mesqan |
|||
|| Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mvz mvz]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 195,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 50,000 in Israel (1995 Y. Kara). Population total all countries: 51,000. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Kistane |
|||
|| Arabic, Hijazi Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gru gru]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 255,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| 6,000,000 in Saudi Arabia (1996). Population total all countries: 6,023,900. |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Inor |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ior ior]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 280,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| - |
|||
|| Saudi Arabia |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Hadrami Spoken |
|| Arabic, Hadrami Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayh ayh]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayh ayh]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Yemen |
||
|align="right"| 410,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| 300,000 in Yemen (1995). Population total all countries: 410,000. |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/avl avl]</code> |
|||
|| Egypt |
|||
|align="right"| 1,690,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Gulf Spoken |
|| Arabic, Gulf Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/afb afb]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/afb afb]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Iraq |
||
|align="right"| 3,601,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 40,000 in Iraq. Population total all countries: 3,601,000. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Hijazi Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acw acw]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Saudi Arabia |
||
|align="right"| 6,023,900 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 860,000 in Egypt (2006). Population total all countries: 1,690,000. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayp ayp]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Iraq |
||
|align="right"| 6,300,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 70,000 (1996). |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acq acq]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Yemen |
||
|align="right"| 7,078,500 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 100,000 in Algeria (1996). Population total all countries: 130,500. |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Arabic, Sanaani Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayn ayn]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Yemen |
||
|align="right"| 7,600,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 800 (1995 H. Mutzafi). |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken |
|||
|| Hértevin |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aec aec]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Egypt |
||
|align="right"| 19,000,000 |
|||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|| 1,000 (1999 H. Mutzafi). |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|||
|| Wolane |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/wle wle]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Sebat Bet Gurage |
|| Sebat Bet Gurage |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw sgw]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw sgw]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 440000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 440000. Chaha 130,000, Gura 20,000, Muher 90,000, Gyeto 80,000, Ezha 120,000. |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|| 5 (Developing) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Omani Spoken |
|| Arabic, Omani Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acx acx]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acx acx]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Oman |
||
|align="right"| 853,900 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 720,000 in Oman (1996). Population total all countries: 853,900. |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|| 5 (Developing) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Silt’e |
|| Silt’e |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/stv stv]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/stv stv]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 935,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 935,000 (2007 census). |
|||
|| 4 (Educational) |
|| 4 (Educational) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Tigré |
|| Tigré |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tig tig]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tig tig]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Eritrea |
||
|align="right"| 1,050,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 1,050,000 in Eritrea (2006), increasing. |
|||
|| 4 (Educational) |
|| 4 (Educational) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Baharna Spoken |
|||
|| Hassaniyya |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abv abv]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Bahrain |
||
|align="right"| 310,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 2,770,000 in Mauritania (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,278,190. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Chadian Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shu shu]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Chad |
||
|align="right"| 1,139,100 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 9,000,000 in Tunisia (1995). Population total all countries: 9,406,900. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Sudanese Spoken |
|| Arabic, Sudanese Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apd apd]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apd apd]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Sudan |
||
|align="right"| 1,833,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| 15,000,000 in South Sudan and Sudan. Population total all countries: 1,833,000. |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Hassaniyya |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mey mey]</code> |
|||
|| Mauritania |
|||
|align="right"| 3,278,190 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Libyan Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayl ayl]</code> |
|||
|| Libya |
|||
|align="right"| 4,320,500 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, South Levantine Spoken |
|| Arabic, South Levantine Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajp ajp]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajp ajp]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Jordan |
||
|align="right"| 6,200,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 3,500,000 in Jordan (1996). Population total all countries: 6,200,000. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Tunisian Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb aeb]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Tunisia |
||
|align="right"| 9,406,900 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 8,800,000 in Syria (1991). 6,000,000 in Lebanese-Central Syrian, 1,000,000 in North Syrian. Population total all countries: 14,426,540. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Najdi Spoken |
|| Arabic, Najdi Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ars ars]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ars ars]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Saudi Arabia |
||
|align="right"| 9,670,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 8,000,000 in Saudi Arabia. Population total all countries: 9,670,000. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| - |
|||
|| Saudi Arabia |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, North Levantine Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apc apc]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Syria |
||
|align="right"| 14,426,540 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 18,800,000 in Morocco (1995). Population total all countries: 21,048,600. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken |
|| Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acm acm]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acm acm]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Iraq |
||
|align="right"| 15,100,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 11,500,000 in Iraq. Population total all countries: 15,100,000. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, |
|| Arabic, Moroccan Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ary ary]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Morocco |
||
|align="right"| 21,048,600 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 4,000,000 in Libya (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 4,320,500. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Algerian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arq arq]</code> |
|||
|| Algeria |
|||
|align="right"| 27,997,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Egyptian Spoken |
|| Arabic, Egyptian Spoken |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz arz]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz arz]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Egypt |
||
|align="right"| 53,990,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 52,500,000 in Egypt (2006). Population total all countries: 53,990,000. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Chadian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shu shu]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 896,100 in Chad (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 1,139,100. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| Chad |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Baharna Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abv abv]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 300,000 in Bahrain (1995). Population total all countries: 310,000. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| Bahrain |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Algerian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arq arq]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 26,000,000 in Algeria (2012 Sherbrooke University), increasing. Population total all countries: 27,997,000. |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| Algeria |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Tigrigna |
|| Tigrigna |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir tir]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir tir]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 6,915,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 4,320,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 2,820,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 6,915,000. |
|||
|| 2 (Provincial) |
|| 2 (Provincial) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Maltese |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlt mlt]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Malta |
||
|align="right"| 429,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| No remaining speakers. |
|||
|| 10 (Extinct) |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Mandaic, Classical |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/myz myz]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| No remaining speakers. |
|||
|| 10 (Extinct) |
|||
|| Iran |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Mlahsö |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lhs lhs]</code> |
|||
|| Syrian Arab Republic |
|||
|| 5 (Extinct) |
|||
|| No remaining speakers. |
|||
|| 10 (Extinct) |
|||
|| Syria |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tmr tmr]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| No remaining speakers. |
|||
|| 10 (Extinct) |
|||
|| Iraq |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Amharic |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh amh]</code> |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 21,600,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 14,750,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 21,811,560. |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|| 1 (National) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Hebrew |
|| Hebrew |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb heb]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb heb]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Israel |
||
|align="right"| 5,302,770 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 4,850,000 in Israel (1998). Population total all countries: 5,302,770. |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|| 1 (National) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| |
|| Amharic |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh amh]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Ethiopia |
||
|align="right"| 21,811,560 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 300,000 in Malta (Katzner 1975). Population total all countries: 429,000. |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|| 1 (National) |
||
|| |
|| - |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Standard |
|| Arabic, Standard |
||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arb arb]</code> |
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arb arb]</code> |
||
|| |
|| Saudi Arabia |
||
|align="right"| 206,000,000 |
|||
|| ? |
|||
|| 206,000,000 L1 speakers of all Arabic varieties (Wiesenfeld 1999). |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|| 1 (National) |
||
|| - |
|||
|| Saudi Arabia |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages "Semitic languages"], which is released under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0]. |
Latest revision as of 07:52, 3 January 2014
The Semitic languages (sem
) constitute a group of related languages and a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Spoken by more than 470 million people throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, the most widely spoken Semitic languages are Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew, Amharic, and Tigrigna.
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
Status[edit]
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Semitic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
Transducers[edit]
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".
name | language | native name | ISO 639 | formalism | state | stems | paradigms | coverage | location | primary authors | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-2 | -3 | ||||||||||
apertium-heb
|
Hebrew | עִבְרִית | he
|
heb
|
lttoolbox | development | apertium-ara-heb (incubator) | missmaryx | |||
apertium-mlt
|
Maltese | Malti | mt
|
mlt
|
lttoolbox | development | 7,371 | 758 | apertium-mlt (languages) | Fran, Unhammer, Fronczak | |
apertium-ara
|
Arabic | العربية | ar
|
ara
|
lttoolbox | development | apertium-ara-heb (incubator) | missmaryx |
Existing language pairs[edit]
Text in italics denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in bold and italics denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with dixcounter are displayed below.
heb | mlt | ara | |
---|---|---|---|
heb | - | mt-he 3,634 |
ara-heb 131 |
mlt | mt-he 3,634 |
- | mt-ar 7,570 |
ara | ara-heb 131 |
mt-ar 7,570 |
- |
eng | en-mt 814 |
||
epo | eo-he 1,505 |
Semitic languages by subgroup[edit]
There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages:
- East Semitic languages: Akkadian, Eblaite (extinct)
- Central Semitic languages
- Northwest Semitic languages: Aramaic, Canaanite languages, Hebrew
- Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, Standard Arabic, Maltese, etc.
- South Semitic languages
- Western: Ethiopic languages (Amharic, Tigrinya, etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.)
- Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri)
Samples[edit]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Language | Text |
---|---|
Arabic | يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء. |
Maltese | Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa. |
Hebrew | כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה. |
Amharic | የሰው፡ልጅ፡ሁሉ፡ሲወለድ፡ነጻና፡በክብርና፡በመብትም፡እኩልነት፡ያለው፡ነው።፡የተፈጥሮ፡ማስተዋልና፡ሕሊና፡ስላለው፡አንዱ፡ሌላውን፡በወንድማማችነት፡መንፈስ፡መመልከት፡ይገባዋል። |
Tigrigna | ብመንፅር ክብርን መሰልን ኩሎም ሰባት እንትውለዱ ነፃን ማዕሪን እዮም፡፡ ምስትውዓልን ሕልናን ዝተዓደሎም ብምዃኖም ንሕድሕዶም ብሕውነታዊ መንፈስ ክተሓላለዩ ኦለዎም፡፡ |
Vulnerability[edit]
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Semitic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.
Language | ISO639-3 | Location | Speakers | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnologue | UNESCO | ||||
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | tmr
|
Iraq | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Mlahsö | lhs
|
Syrian Arab Republic | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | 5 (Extinct) |
Mandaic, Classical | myz
|
Iran | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Mesmes | mys
|
Ethiopia | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Syriac | syc
|
Turkey | 0 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
Hebrew, Ancient | hbo
|
Israel | 0 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
Geez | gez
|
Ethiopia | 0 | 9 (Second language only) | 5 (Extinct) |
Samaritan Aramaic | sam
|
Palestine | 620 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
Samaritan | smp
|
Palestine | 620 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic | bjf
|
Israel & Iraq | 20 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 5 (Extinct) |
Bathari | bhm
|
Oman | 200 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Senaya | syn
|
Iran | 460 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Hobyót | hoh
|
Oman, Yemen | 100 | 8a (Moribund) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken | auz
|
Uzbekistan | 700 | 8a (Moribund) | - |
Hulaulá | huy
|
Israel & Iran | 10,350 | 8a (Moribund) | 5 (Extinct) |
Soqotri | sqt
|
Yemen | 64,000 | 8a (Moribund) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Harsusi | hss
|
Oman | 600 | 7 (Shifting) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | bhn
|
Georgia, Russian Federation | 1,000 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Arabic, Cypriot Spoken | acy
|
Cyprus | 1,300 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Lishanid Noshan | aij
|
Israel & Iraq | 2,200 | 7 (Shifting) | 5 (Extinct) |
Lishán Didán | trg
|
Israel & Iran | 4,450 | 7 (Shifting) | 5 (Extinct) |
Mandaic | mid
|
Iran, Iraq | 5,500 | 7 (Shifting) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Lishana Deni | lsd
|
Israel & Iraq | 7,500 | 7 (Shifting) | 5 (Extinct) |
Western Neo-Aramaic | amw
|
Syrian Arab Republic | 15,000 | 7 (Shifting) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian | yud
|
Israel | 35,000 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian | ajt
|
Israel | 45,500 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Mehri | gdq
|
Oman, Yemen | 115,200 | 7 (Shifting) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi | yhd
|
Israel | 151,820 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic | cld
|
Iraq | 206,000 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan | aju
|
Israel | 258,930 | 7 (Shifting) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Zay | zwa
|
Ethiopia | 4,880 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Arabic, Tajiki Spoken | abh
|
Tajikistan | 6,000 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
Shehri | shv
|
Oman | 25,000 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Argobba | agj
|
Ethiopia | 43,700 | 6b (Threatened) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Turoyo | tru
|
Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey | 62,000 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | aii
|
Iraq | 232,300 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
Koy Sanjaq Surat | kqd
|
Iraq | 800 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Hértevin | hrt
|
Turkey | 1,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Dahalik | dlk
|
Eritrea | 2,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Harari | har
|
Ethiopia | 25,800 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Shihhi Spoken | ssh
|
United Arab Emirates | 27,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni | jye
|
Israel | 51,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Dhofari Spoken | adf
|
Oman | 70,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken | aao
|
Algeria | 130,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Mesqan | mvz
|
Ethiopia | 195,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Kistane | gru
|
Ethiopia | 255,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Inor | ior
|
Ethiopia | 280,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Hadrami Spoken | ayh
|
Yemen | 410,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken | avl
|
Egypt | 1,690,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Gulf Spoken | afb
|
Iraq | 3,601,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Hijazi Spoken | acw
|
Saudi Arabia | 6,023,900 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken | ayp
|
Iraq | 6,300,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken | acq
|
Yemen | 7,078,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Sanaani Spoken | ayn
|
Yemen | 7,600,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken | aec
|
Egypt | 19,000,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Wolane | wle
|
Ethiopia | ? | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Sebat Bet Gurage | sgw
|
Ethiopia | 440000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Arabic, Omani Spoken | acx
|
Oman | 853,900 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Silt’e | stv
|
Ethiopia | 935,000 | 4 (Educational) | - |
Tigré | tig
|
Eritrea | 1,050,000 | 4 (Educational) | - |
Arabic, Baharna Spoken | abv
|
Bahrain | 310,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Chadian Spoken | shu
|
Chad | 1,139,100 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Sudanese Spoken | apd
|
Sudan | 1,833,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Hassaniyya | mey
|
Mauritania | 3,278,190 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Libyan Spoken | ayl
|
Libya | 4,320,500 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, South Levantine Spoken | ajp
|
Jordan | 6,200,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Tunisian Spoken | aeb
|
Tunisia | 9,406,900 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Najdi Spoken | ars
|
Saudi Arabia | 9,670,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken | apc
|
Syria | 14,426,540 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken | acm
|
Iraq | 15,100,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Moroccan Spoken | ary
|
Morocco | 21,048,600 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Algerian Spoken | arq
|
Algeria | 27,997,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Egyptian Spoken | arz
|
Egypt | 53,990,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Tigrigna | tir
|
Ethiopia | 6,915,000 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
Maltese | mlt
|
Malta | 429,000 | 1 (National) | - |
Hebrew | heb
|
Israel | 5,302,770 | 1 (National) | - |
Amharic | amh
|
Ethiopia | 21,811,560 | 1 (National) | - |
Arabic, Standard | arb
|
Saudi Arabia | 206,000,000 | 1 (National) | - |
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Semitic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.