Difference between revisions of "User:Sushain/SemeticLanguages"
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The ''' |
The '''Semitic languages''' (<code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/semutic sem]</code>) constitute a group of related languages and a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Spoken by more than 470 million people throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, the most widely spoken Semitic languages are [[Arabic]], [[Maltese]], [[Hebrew]], [[Amharic]], and [[Tigrigna]]. |
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The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below. |
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below. |
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==Status== |
==Status== |
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The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of |
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Semitic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a [[Constraint Grammar|CG]] for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs. |
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===Transducers=== |
===Transducers=== |
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! -2 |
! -2 |
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! -3 |
! -3 |
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|- |
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| <code>[[apertium-ara]]</code> |
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|| [[Arabic]] |
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|| العربية |
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||<code>ar</code> |
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|| <code>ara</code> |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|align="right"| ? |
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|align="right"| ? |
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|align="center"| |
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|| ? |
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|| ? |
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|- |
|- |
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| <code>[[apertium-heb]]</code> |
| <code>[[apertium-heb]]</code> |
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|| [[Hebrew]] |
|| [[Hebrew]] |
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|| עִבְרִית |
|align="right"| עִבְרִית |
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||<code>he</code> |
||<code>he</code> |
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|| <code>heb</code> |
|| <code>heb</code> |
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|| [[lttoolbox]] |
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|| ? |
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|| development |
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|align="right"| |
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|heb-stems}} |
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|align="right"| |
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|heb-paradigms}} |
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|align="center"| |
|align="center"| |
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|| [[apertium-ara-heb]] ([[incubator]]) |
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|| ? |
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|| missmaryx |
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|- |
|- |
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| <code>[[apertium-mlt]]</code> |
| <code>[[apertium-mlt]]</code> |
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||<code>mt</code> |
||<code>mt</code> |
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|| <code>mlt</code> |
|| <code>mlt</code> |
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|| [[lttoolbox]] |
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|| ? |
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|| development |
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|align="right"| |
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-mlt/stats|stems}} |
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|align="right"| |
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-mlt/stats|paradigms}} |
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|align="center"| |
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|| [[apertium-mlt]] ([[languages]]) |
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|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Unhammer|Unhammer]], Fronczak |
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|- |
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| <code>[[apertium-ara]]</code> |
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|| [[Arabic]] |
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|align="right"| العربية |
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||<code>ar</code> |
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|| <code>ara</code> |
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|| [[lttoolbox]] |
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|| development |
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|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-stems}} |
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|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-paradigms}} |
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|align="center"| |
|align="center"| |
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|| [[apertium-ara-heb]] ([[incubator]]) |
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|| ? |
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|| missmaryx |
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|} |
|} |
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== |
=== Existing language pairs === |
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Text in ''italics'' denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in staging, while text in '''bold''' denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in '''''bold and italics''''' denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with [[dixcounter]] are displayed below. |
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{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
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|- style="background: #ececec" |
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! !! heb !! mlt !! ara |
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|- |
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| '''heb''' || - || '''''[[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]'''''<br>3,634 || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>131 |
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|- |
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| '''mlt''' || '''''[[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]'''''<br>3,634 || - || '''''[[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]'''''<br>7,570 |
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|- |
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| '''ara''' || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>131 || '''''[[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]'''''<br>7,570 || - |
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|- |
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| || || || |
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|- |
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| '''eng''' || || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>814 || |
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|- |
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| '''epo''' || ''[[Apertium-eo-he|eo-he]]''<br>1,505 || || |
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|} |
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== Semitic languages by subgroup == |
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There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages: |
There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages: |
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**Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, [[Arabic|Standard Arabic]], [[Maltese]], etc. |
**Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, [[Arabic|Standard Arabic]], [[Maltese]], etc. |
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*South Semitic languages |
*South Semitic languages |
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**Western: [[Ethiopic languages]] and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.) |
**Western: [[Ethiopic languages]] ([[Amharic]], [[Tigrinya]], etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.) |
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**Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri) |
**Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri) |
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==Samples== |
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== Existing language pairs == |
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Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: |
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Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk. |
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''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' |
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{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
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|- style="background: #ececec" |
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{|class=wikitable |
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! !! mlt !! heb !! ara |
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! Language !! Text |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Arabic |
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| '''mlt''' || - || [[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]<br>3,634 || [[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]<br>7,570 |
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|align="right"| يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء. |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Maltese |
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| '''heb''' || [[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]<br>3,634 || - || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>131 |
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|| Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa. |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Hebrew |
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| '''ara''' || [[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]<br>7,570 || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>131 || - |
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|align="right"| כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה. |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Amharic |
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|| የሰው፡ልጅ፡ሁሉ፡ሲወለድ፡ነጻና፡በክብርና፡በመብትም፡እኩልነት፡ያለው፡ነው።፡የተፈጥሮ፡ማስተዋልና፡ሕሊና፡ስላለው፡አንዱ፡ሌላውን፡በወንድማማችነት፡መንፈስ፡መመልከት፡ይገባዋል። |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Tigrigna |
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| '''eng''' || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>814 || || |
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|| ብመንፅር ክብርን መሰልን ኩሎም ሰባት እንትውለዱ ነፃን ማዕሪን እዮም፡፡ ምስትውዓልን ሕልናን ዝተዓደሎም ብምዃኖም ንሕድሕዶም ብሕውነታዊ መንፈስ ክተሓላለዩ ኦለዎም፡፡ |
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|- |
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| '''epo''' || || ''[[Apertium-eo-he|eo-he]]''<br>1,505 || |
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|} |
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==Vulnerability== |
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{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
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This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Semitic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas]’ and [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue]. |
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|- style="background: #ececec" |
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! !! mlt !! heb !! ara |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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!rowspan=2| Language |
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!rowspan=2| ISO639-3 |
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!rowspan=2| Location |
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!rowspan=2| Speakers |
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!colspan=2|Status |
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|-class="sortbottom" |
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! Ethnologue |
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! UNESCO |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic |
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| '''mlt''' || - || [[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-he/stats|mt-he-stems}} || [[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-ar/stats|mt-ar-stems}} |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tmr tmr]</code> |
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|| Iraq |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 10 (Extinct) |
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|| - |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Mlahsö |
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| '''heb''' || [[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-he/stats|mt-he-stems}} || - || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-heb-stems}} |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lhs lhs]</code> |
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|| Syrian Arab Republic |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 10 (Extinct) |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Mandaic, Classical |
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| '''ara''' || [[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-ar/stats|mt-ar-stems}} || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-heb-stems}} || - |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/myz myz]</code> |
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|| Iran |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 10 (Extinct) |
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|| - |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Mesmes |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mys mys]</code> |
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|| Ethiopia |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 10 (Extinct) |
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|| - |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Syriac |
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| '''eng''' || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-mt/stats|en-mt-stems}} || || |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syc syc]</code> |
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|| Turkey |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 9 (Dormant) |
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|| - |
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|- |
|- |
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|| Hebrew, Ancient |
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| '''epo''' || || ''[[Apertium-eo-he|eo-he]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eo-he/stats|eo-he-stems}} || |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hbo hbo]</code> |
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|} |
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|| Israel |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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|| 9 (Dormant) |
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==Samples== |
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|| - |
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Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: |
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|- |
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|| Geez |
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''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gez gez]</code> |
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|| Ethiopia |
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{|class=wikitable |
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|align="right"| 0 |
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! Language !! Text |
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|| 9 (Second language only) |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|- |
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|| Samaritan Aramaic |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sam sam]</code> |
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|| Palestine |
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|align="right"| 620 |
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|| 9 (Dormant) |
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|| - |
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|- |
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|| Samaritan |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/smp smp]</code> |
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|| Palestine |
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|align="right"| 620 |
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|| 9 (Dormant) |
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|| - |
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|- |
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|| Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bjf bjf]</code> |
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|| Israel & Iraq |
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|align="right"| 20 |
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|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|- |
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|| Bathari |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhm bhm]</code> |
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|| Oman |
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|align="right"| 200 |
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|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
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|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Senaya |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syn syn]</code> |
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|| Iran |
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|align="right"| 460 |
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|| 8b (Nearly extinct) |
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|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Hobyót |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoh hoh]</code> |
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|| Oman, Yemen |
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|align="right"| 100 |
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|| 8a (Moribund) |
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|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/auz auz]</code> |
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|| Uzbekistan |
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|align="right"| 700 |
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|| 8a (Moribund) |
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|| - |
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|- |
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|| Hulaulá |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/huy huy]</code> |
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|| Israel & Iran |
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|align="right"| 10,350 |
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|| 8a (Moribund) |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|- |
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|| Soqotri |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt sqt]</code> |
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|| Yemen |
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|align="right"| 64,000 |
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|| 8a (Moribund) |
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|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Harsusi |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hss hss]</code> |
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|| Oman |
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|align="right"| 600 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhn bhn]</code> |
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|| Georgia, Russian Federation |
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|align="right"| 1,000 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Arabic, Cypriot Spoken |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acy acy]</code> |
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|| Cyprus |
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|align="right"| 1,300 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Lishanid Noshan |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aij aij]</code> |
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|| Israel & Iraq |
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|align="right"| 2,200 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|- |
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|| Lishán Didán |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/trg trg]</code> |
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|| Israel & Iran |
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|align="right"| 4,450 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|- |
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|| Mandaic |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mid mid]</code> |
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|| Iran, Iraq |
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|align="right"| 5,500 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Lishana Deni |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lsd lsd]</code> |
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|| Israel & Iraq |
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|align="right"| 7,500 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 5 (Extinct) |
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|- |
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|| Western Neo-Aramaic |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amw amw]</code> |
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|| Syrian Arab Republic |
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|align="right"| 15,000 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yud yud]</code> |
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|| Israel |
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|align="right"| 35,000 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| - |
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|- |
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|| Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajt ajt]</code> |
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|| Israel |
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|align="right"| 45,500 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Mehri |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gdq gdq]</code> |
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|| Oman, Yemen |
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|align="right"| 115,200 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yhd yhd]</code> |
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|| Israel |
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|align="right"| 151,820 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| - |
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|- |
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|| Chaldean Neo-Aramaic |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cld cld]</code> |
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|| Iraq |
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|align="right"| 206,000 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| - |
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|- |
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|| Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aju aju]</code> |
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|| Israel |
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|align="right"| 258,930 |
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|| 7 (Shifting) |
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|| 2 (Definitely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Zay |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/zwa zwa]</code> |
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|| Ethiopia |
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|align="right"| 4,880 |
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|| 6b (Threatened) |
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|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Arabic, Tajiki Spoken |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abh abh]</code> |
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|| Tajikistan |
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|align="right"| 6,000 |
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|| 6b (Threatened) |
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|| - |
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|- |
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|| Shehri |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shv shv]</code> |
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|| Oman |
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|align="right"| 25,000 |
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|| 6b (Threatened) |
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|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Argobba |
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|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agj agj]</code> |
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|| Ethiopia |
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|align="right"| 43,700 |
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|| 6b (Threatened) |
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|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
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|- |
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|| Turoyo |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tru tru]</code> |
|||
|| Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey |
|||
|align="right"| 62,000 |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|||
|| 3 (Severely endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii aii]</code> |
|||
|| Iraq |
|||
|align="right"| 232,300 |
|||
|| 6b (Threatened) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Koy Sanjaq Surat |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kqd kqd]</code> |
|||
|| Iraq |
|||
|align="right"| 800 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Hértevin |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hrt hrt]</code> |
|||
|| Turkey |
|||
|align="right"| 1,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| 4 (Critically endangered) |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Dahalik |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dlk dlk]</code> |
|||
|| Eritrea |
|||
|align="right"| 2,500 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Harari |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/har har]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 25,800 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Shihhi Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ssh ssh]</code> |
|||
|| United Arab Emirates |
|||
|align="right"| 27,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/jye jye]</code> |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|align="right"| 51,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Dhofari Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/adf adf]</code> |
|||
|| Oman |
|||
|align="right"| 70,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aao aao]</code> |
|||
|| Algeria |
|||
|align="right"| 130,500 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Mesqan |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mvz mvz]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 195,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Kistane |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gru gru]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 255,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Inor |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ior ior]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 280,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Hadrami Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayh ayh]</code> |
|||
|| Yemen |
|||
|align="right"| 410,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/avl avl]</code> |
|||
|| Egypt |
|||
|align="right"| 1,690,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Gulf Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/afb afb]</code> |
|||
|| Iraq |
|||
|align="right"| 3,601,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Hijazi Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acw acw]</code> |
|||
|| Saudi Arabia |
|||
|align="right"| 6,023,900 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayp ayp]</code> |
|||
|| Iraq |
|||
|align="right"| 6,300,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acq acq]</code> |
|||
|| Yemen |
|||
|align="right"| 7,078,500 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Sanaani Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayn ayn]</code> |
|||
|| Yemen |
|||
|align="right"| 7,600,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aec aec]</code> |
|||
|| Egypt |
|||
|align="right"| 19,000,000 |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Wolane |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/wle wle]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| ? |
|||
|| 6a (Vigorous) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Sebat Bet Gurage |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw sgw]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 440000 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Omani Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acx acx]</code> |
|||
|| Oman |
|||
|align="right"| 853,900 |
|||
|| 5 (Developing) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Silt’e |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/stv stv]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 935,000 |
|||
|| 4 (Educational) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Tigré |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tig tig]</code> |
|||
|| Eritrea |
|||
|align="right"| 1,050,000 |
|||
|| 4 (Educational) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Baharna Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abv abv]</code> |
|||
|| Bahrain |
|||
|align="right"| 310,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Chadian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shu shu]</code> |
|||
|| Chad |
|||
|align="right"| 1,139,100 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Sudanese Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apd apd]</code> |
|||
|| Sudan |
|||
|align="right"| 1,833,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Hassaniyya |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mey mey]</code> |
|||
|| Mauritania |
|||
|align="right"| 3,278,190 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Libyan Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayl ayl]</code> |
|||
|| Libya |
|||
|align="right"| 4,320,500 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, South Levantine Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajp ajp]</code> |
|||
|| Jordan |
|||
|align="right"| 6,200,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Tunisian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb aeb]</code> |
|||
|| Tunisia |
|||
|align="right"| 9,406,900 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Najdi Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ars ars]</code> |
|||
|| Saudi Arabia |
|||
|align="right"| 9,670,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, North Levantine Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apc apc]</code> |
|||
|| Syria |
|||
|align="right"| 14,426,540 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acm acm]</code> |
|||
|| Iraq |
|||
|align="right"| 15,100,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Moroccan Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ary ary]</code> |
|||
|| Morocco |
|||
|align="right"| 21,048,600 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Algerian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arq arq]</code> |
|||
|| Algeria |
|||
|align="right"| 27,997,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Arabic, Egyptian Spoken |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz arz]</code> |
|||
|| Egypt |
|||
|align="right"| 53,990,000 |
|||
|| 3 (Wider communication) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Tigrigna |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir tir]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 6,915,000 |
|||
|| 2 (Provincial) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|||
|| Maltese |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlt mlt]</code> |
|||
|| Malta |
|||
|align="right"| 429,000 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Hebrew |
|||
|| Maltese || Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa. |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb heb]</code> |
|||
|| Israel |
|||
|align="right"| 5,302,770 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Amharic |
|||
|| Hebrew || כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה. |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh amh]</code> |
|||
|| Ethiopia |
|||
|align="right"| 21,811,560 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|| Arabic, Standard |
|||
|| Arabic || يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء. |
|||
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arb arb]</code> |
|||
|| Saudi Arabia |
|||
|align="right"| 206,000,000 |
|||
|| 1 (National) |
|||
|| - |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ |
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages "Semitic languages"], which is released under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0]. |
Latest revision as of 07:52, 3 January 2014
The Semitic languages (sem
) constitute a group of related languages and a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Spoken by more than 470 million people throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, the most widely spoken Semitic languages are Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew, Amharic, and Tigrigna.
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
Status[edit]
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Semitic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
Transducers[edit]
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".
name | language | native name | ISO 639 | formalism | state | stems | paradigms | coverage | location | primary authors | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-2 | -3 | ||||||||||
apertium-heb
|
Hebrew | עִבְרִית | he
|
heb
|
lttoolbox | development | apertium-ara-heb (incubator) | missmaryx | |||
apertium-mlt
|
Maltese | Malti | mt
|
mlt
|
lttoolbox | development | 7,371 | 758 | apertium-mlt (languages) | Fran, Unhammer, Fronczak | |
apertium-ara
|
Arabic | العربية | ar
|
ara
|
lttoolbox | development | apertium-ara-heb (incubator) | missmaryx |
Existing language pairs[edit]
Text in italics denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in bold and italics denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with dixcounter are displayed below.
heb | mlt | ara | |
---|---|---|---|
heb | - | mt-he 3,634 |
ara-heb 131 |
mlt | mt-he 3,634 |
- | mt-ar 7,570 |
ara | ara-heb 131 |
mt-ar 7,570 |
- |
eng | en-mt 814 |
||
epo | eo-he 1,505 |
Semitic languages by subgroup[edit]
There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages:
- East Semitic languages: Akkadian, Eblaite (extinct)
- Central Semitic languages
- Northwest Semitic languages: Aramaic, Canaanite languages, Hebrew
- Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, Standard Arabic, Maltese, etc.
- South Semitic languages
- Western: Ethiopic languages (Amharic, Tigrinya, etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.)
- Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri)
Samples[edit]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Language | Text |
---|---|
Arabic | يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء. |
Maltese | Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa. |
Hebrew | כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה. |
Amharic | የሰው፡ልጅ፡ሁሉ፡ሲወለድ፡ነጻና፡በክብርና፡በመብትም፡እኩልነት፡ያለው፡ነው።፡የተፈጥሮ፡ማስተዋልና፡ሕሊና፡ስላለው፡አንዱ፡ሌላውን፡በወንድማማችነት፡መንፈስ፡መመልከት፡ይገባዋል። |
Tigrigna | ብመንፅር ክብርን መሰልን ኩሎም ሰባት እንትውለዱ ነፃን ማዕሪን እዮም፡፡ ምስትውዓልን ሕልናን ዝተዓደሎም ብምዃኖም ንሕድሕዶም ብሕውነታዊ መንፈስ ክተሓላለዩ ኦለዎም፡፡ |
Vulnerability[edit]
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Semitic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.
Language | ISO639-3 | Location | Speakers | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnologue | UNESCO | ||||
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | tmr
|
Iraq | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Mlahsö | lhs
|
Syrian Arab Republic | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | 5 (Extinct) |
Mandaic, Classical | myz
|
Iran | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Mesmes | mys
|
Ethiopia | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
Syriac | syc
|
Turkey | 0 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
Hebrew, Ancient | hbo
|
Israel | 0 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
Geez | gez
|
Ethiopia | 0 | 9 (Second language only) | 5 (Extinct) |
Samaritan Aramaic | sam
|
Palestine | 620 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
Samaritan | smp
|
Palestine | 620 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic | bjf
|
Israel & Iraq | 20 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 5 (Extinct) |
Bathari | bhm
|
Oman | 200 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Senaya | syn
|
Iran | 460 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Hobyót | hoh
|
Oman, Yemen | 100 | 8a (Moribund) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken | auz
|
Uzbekistan | 700 | 8a (Moribund) | - |
Hulaulá | huy
|
Israel & Iran | 10,350 | 8a (Moribund) | 5 (Extinct) |
Soqotri | sqt
|
Yemen | 64,000 | 8a (Moribund) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Harsusi | hss
|
Oman | 600 | 7 (Shifting) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | bhn
|
Georgia, Russian Federation | 1,000 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Arabic, Cypriot Spoken | acy
|
Cyprus | 1,300 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Lishanid Noshan | aij
|
Israel & Iraq | 2,200 | 7 (Shifting) | 5 (Extinct) |
Lishán Didán | trg
|
Israel & Iran | 4,450 | 7 (Shifting) | 5 (Extinct) |
Mandaic | mid
|
Iran, Iraq | 5,500 | 7 (Shifting) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Lishana Deni | lsd
|
Israel & Iraq | 7,500 | 7 (Shifting) | 5 (Extinct) |
Western Neo-Aramaic | amw
|
Syrian Arab Republic | 15,000 | 7 (Shifting) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian | yud
|
Israel | 35,000 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian | ajt
|
Israel | 45,500 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Mehri | gdq
|
Oman, Yemen | 115,200 | 7 (Shifting) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi | yhd
|
Israel | 151,820 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic | cld
|
Iraq | 206,000 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan | aju
|
Israel | 258,930 | 7 (Shifting) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
Zay | zwa
|
Ethiopia | 4,880 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Arabic, Tajiki Spoken | abh
|
Tajikistan | 6,000 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
Shehri | shv
|
Oman | 25,000 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Argobba | agj
|
Ethiopia | 43,700 | 6b (Threatened) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Turoyo | tru
|
Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey | 62,000 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | aii
|
Iraq | 232,300 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
Koy Sanjaq Surat | kqd
|
Iraq | 800 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Hértevin | hrt
|
Turkey | 1,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
Dahalik | dlk
|
Eritrea | 2,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Harari | har
|
Ethiopia | 25,800 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Shihhi Spoken | ssh
|
United Arab Emirates | 27,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni | jye
|
Israel | 51,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Dhofari Spoken | adf
|
Oman | 70,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken | aao
|
Algeria | 130,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Mesqan | mvz
|
Ethiopia | 195,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Kistane | gru
|
Ethiopia | 255,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Inor | ior
|
Ethiopia | 280,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Hadrami Spoken | ayh
|
Yemen | 410,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken | avl
|
Egypt | 1,690,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Gulf Spoken | afb
|
Iraq | 3,601,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Hijazi Spoken | acw
|
Saudi Arabia | 6,023,900 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken | ayp
|
Iraq | 6,300,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken | acq
|
Yemen | 7,078,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Sanaani Spoken | ayn
|
Yemen | 7,600,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken | aec
|
Egypt | 19,000,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Wolane | wle
|
Ethiopia | ? | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
Sebat Bet Gurage | sgw
|
Ethiopia | 440000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Arabic, Omani Spoken | acx
|
Oman | 853,900 | 5 (Developing) | - |
Silt’e | stv
|
Ethiopia | 935,000 | 4 (Educational) | - |
Tigré | tig
|
Eritrea | 1,050,000 | 4 (Educational) | - |
Arabic, Baharna Spoken | abv
|
Bahrain | 310,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Chadian Spoken | shu
|
Chad | 1,139,100 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Sudanese Spoken | apd
|
Sudan | 1,833,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Hassaniyya | mey
|
Mauritania | 3,278,190 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Libyan Spoken | ayl
|
Libya | 4,320,500 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, South Levantine Spoken | ajp
|
Jordan | 6,200,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Tunisian Spoken | aeb
|
Tunisia | 9,406,900 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Najdi Spoken | ars
|
Saudi Arabia | 9,670,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken | apc
|
Syria | 14,426,540 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken | acm
|
Iraq | 15,100,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Moroccan Spoken | ary
|
Morocco | 21,048,600 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Algerian Spoken | arq
|
Algeria | 27,997,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Arabic, Egyptian Spoken | arz
|
Egypt | 53,990,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | - |
Tigrigna | tir
|
Ethiopia | 6,915,000 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
Maltese | mlt
|
Malta | 429,000 | 1 (National) | - |
Hebrew | heb
|
Israel | 5,302,770 | 1 (National) | - |
Amharic | amh
|
Ethiopia | 21,811,560 | 1 (National) | - |
Arabic, Standard | arb
|
Saudi Arabia | 206,000,000 | 1 (National) | - |
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Semitic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.