Difference between revisions of "VM for transfer"
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+ | DsL5oS <a href="http://ihmpaqvhglra.com/">ihmpaqvhglra</a>, [url=http://evgxzufpfqmv.com/]evgxzufpfqmv[/url], [link=http://xzlfllmibupn.com/]xzlfllmibupn[/link], http://xxqaynttdjgz.com/ |
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− | == Instruction Sets == |
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− | |||
− | {| class="wikitable" border="1" |
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− | ! Mnemonic !! Opcode<br>''(in hex)'' !! Other operands !! Stack<br>[before]→[after] !! Description |
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− | |- |
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− | | push || - || value || [empty] → value || Pushes a value in stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | pushv || - || var || [empty] → value || Evaluates the var and pushes its value in stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | pusht || - || var || [empty] → <value> || Evaluates the var and pushes its value as a tag in stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | pushbl || - || N/A || [empty] → blank || pushes a blank in the stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | pushsb || - || pos || [empty] → superblank || pushes the superblank at 'pos' in stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | pushz || - || N/A || [empty] → [zero_flag] || pushes the current value of zero_flag in stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | pushnz || - || N/A || [empty] → [not_zero_flag] || first takes the NOT of the current value of zero_flag, then pushes the value in stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | cliptl || - || N/A || pos, regex → value || Matches 'regex' in target language 'pos' and pushes the value in stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | clipsl || - || N/A || pos, regex → value || Matches 'regex' in source language 'pos' and pushes the value in stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | storetl || - || N/A || pos, regex, data → value || Replace 'regex' in source language 'pos' with 'data' |
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− | |- |
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− | | addtrie || - || address || pattern, pattern, ..., no_of_patterns → [empty] || Pops 'no_of_pattern' amount of data from the stack, combine these patterns, add that to the trie pointing to given 'address' |
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− | |- |
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− | | lu || - || num || lemma, tag1, ..., tagn → ^(lexical_unit)$ || Pops 'num' amount of data from the stack and creates a lexical unit ^... ...$ with them, pushes the lu back in the stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | brace || - || num || lu1, blank1, lu2, blank2, ..., lun → {... ...} || Pops 'num' amount of data from the stack and creates the braced version {... ... ...}, pushes it back in the stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | chunk || - || num || chunk_name, tag1, tag2, ... , {^... ...$} → ^chunk_name<tag1>...<tagn>{^... ...$}$ || Pops 'num' amount of data from the stack and creates the chunk, pushes back in the stack |
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− | |- |
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− | | out || - || num || chunk1, chunk2, ... → [empty] || Pops 'num' amount of data from the stack and puts then in standard output |
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− | |- |
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− | | cmpi || - || N/A || data1, data2 → [empty] || Pops data1 and data2, string compares them (ignorecase), if matches (successful), set zero flag to 1 (it means we have a zero) |
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− | |- |
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− | | cmp || - || N/A || data1, data2 → [empty] || Pops data1 and data2, string compares them (case sensitive), if matches (successful), set zero flag to 1 |
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− | |- |
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− | | match || - || N/A || string, regex → [empty] || Pops 'string' and 'regex', matches the string against the regex, if matches (successful), set ZF = 1 |
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− | |- |
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− | | jmp || - || label || [empty] → [empty] || Jumps to the label (unconditional jump) |
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− | |- |
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− | | jz || - || label || [empty] → [empty] || Jumps to the label if zero flag is 1 |
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− | |- |
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− | | jnz || - || label || [empty] → [empty] || Jumps to the label if zero flag is 0 |
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− | |- |
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− | | hlt || - || N/A || || Halts the program |
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− | |- |
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− | | call || - || label || arg(n),..., arg2, arg1, npar → [empty] || call a macro (subroutine), see example 6 for details |
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− | |- |
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− | | ret || - || N/A || PC → [empty] || Returns from a macro, PC will be placed in stack by call statement, so no need to manually push PC |
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− | |- |
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− | | nop || - || N/A || || No operation |
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− | |} |
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− | |||
− | == Sample compilation of XML code fragments == |
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− | |||
− | === Example 1 === |
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− | ==== XML t1x Code: chunking ==== |
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− | <code> |
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− | <out> |
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− | <chunk name="det_det_nom_adj" case="caseFirstWord"> |
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− | <tags> |
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− | <tag><lit-tag v="SN"/></tag> |
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− | <tag><var n="tipus_det"/></tag> |
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− | <tag><var n="gen_chunk"/></tag> |
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− | <tag><var n="nbr_chunk"/></tag> |
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− | </tags> |
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− | <lu> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="lem"/> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="a_det"/> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="gen_sense_mf" link-to="3"/> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="gen_mf"/> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="nbr_sense_sp" link-to="4"/> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="nbr_sp"/> |
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− | </lu> |
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− | <b/> |
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− | <lu> |
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− | <lit v="el"/> |
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− | <lit-tag v="det.def"/> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="gen_sense_mf" link-to="3"/> |
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− | <lit-tag v="pl"/> |
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− | </lu> |
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− | <b pos="1"/> |
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− | <lu> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="tl" part="lemh"/> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="tl" part="a_nom"/> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="tl" part="gen_sense_mf" link-to="3"/> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="tl" part="gen_mf"/> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="tl" part="nbr_sense_sp" link-to="4"/> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="tl" part="nbr_sp"/> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="tl" part="lemq"/> |
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− | </lu> |
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− | <b/> |
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− | <b pos="2"/> |
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− | <lu> |
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− | <var n="adjectiu1"/> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="tl" part="lemh"/> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="tl" part="a_adj"/> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="tl" part="gen_sense_mf" link-to="3"/> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="tl" part="gen_mf"/> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="tl" part="nbr_sense_sp" link-to="4"/> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="tl" part="nbr_sp" link-to="4"/> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="tl" part="lemq"/> |
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− | </lu> |
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− | </chunk> |
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− | </out> |
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− | </code> |
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− | |||
− | ==== Compiled Code ==== |
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− | |||
− | <code> |
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− | push "det_det_nom_adj" |
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− | push "<SN>" |
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− | pusht tipus_det ; first evaluate the variable, append/prepend '<>', then push in the stack |
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− | pusht gen_chunk |
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− | pusht nbr_chunk |
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− | |||
− | push 1 |
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− | push "^\w+" ; lem |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push 1 |
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− | push [regex] ; a_det |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push "<3>" ; since link-to overrides everything else, we do not need any dedicated instruction |
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− | ; for that |
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− | push 1 |
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− | push [regex] ; gen_mf |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push "<4>" |
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− | push 1 |
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− | push [regex] ; nbr_sp |
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− | cliptl |
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− | lu 6 ; pop 6 items, concat, create lexical unit ^...$ and push back in stack |
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− | |||
− | pushbl ; push a blank |
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− | |||
− | push "el" |
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− | push "<det><def>" |
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− | push "<3>" |
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− | push "<pl>" |
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− | lu 4 ; pop 4 items from the stack, create a lexical unit ^...$ and then |
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− | ; push in the stack |
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− | |||
− | pushsb 1 |
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− | |||
− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; lemh |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; a_nom |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push "<3>" |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; gen_mf |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push "<4>" |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; nbr_sp |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; lemq |
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− | cliptl |
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− | lu 7 |
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− | |||
− | pushbl |
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− | pushsb 2 |
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− | |||
− | pushv adjectiu1 ; its a var, so eval and push the value |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; lemh |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; a_adj |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push "<3>" |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; gen_mf |
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− | cliptl |
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− | push "<4>" |
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− | push "<4>" ; a bit confused, there are two link-to in the XML |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; lemq |
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− | cliptl |
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− | lu 7 |
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− | |||
− | brace 7 ; no of blank + lexical unit = 7 |
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− | ; pop 7 items, concat, prepend and append {, } then push back |
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− | |||
− | chunk 6 ; create the chunk, ^...{^...$}$, and push back in stack |
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− | |||
− | out 1 ; give output (number of chunks = 1) |
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− | </code> |
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− | |||
− | === Example 2 === |
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− | |||
− | ==== XML t1x Code ==== |
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− | <code> |
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− | <section-def-cats> |
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− | <def-cat n="nom"> |
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− | <cat-item tags="n.*"/> |
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− | </def-cat> |
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− | |||
− | <def-cat n="det"> |
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− | <cat-item tags="det.*"/> |
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− | <cat-item tags="predet.*"/> |
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− | </def-cat> |
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− | </section-def-cats> |
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− | |||
− | <section-rules> |
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− | <rule> |
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− | <pattern> |
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− | <pattern-item n="det"/> |
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− | </pattern> |
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− | </rule> |
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− | <rule> |
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− | <pattern> |
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− | <pattern-item n="nom"/> |
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− | </pattern> |
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− | <action/> |
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− | </rule> |
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− | <rule> |
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− | <pattern> |
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− | <pattern-item n="det"/> |
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− | <pattern-item n="nom"/> |
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− | </pattern> |
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− | <action/> |
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− | </rule> |
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− | </section-rules> |
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− | </code> |
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− | |||
− | ==== Compiled Code ==== |
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− | |||
− | <code> |
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− | ;first rule: def-cat has two equivalent cat-items |
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− | push "\w<det>\t" ;load pattern into stack |
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− | push 1 |
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− | addtrie [address1] ;define a trie pattern with value 1 (the first rule) |
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− | |||
− | push "\w<predet>\t" ;same with the second cat-item |
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− | push 1 |
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− | addtrie [address1] |
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− | ;second rule (and so on) very simple, unique cat-item |
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− | push "\w<n>\t" |
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− | push 1 |
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− | addtrie [address2] |
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− | ;third rule (here is the trick: multiple cat-items in one of the words) |
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− | push "\w<det>\t" |
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− | push "\w<n>\t" |
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− | push 2 ; we have 'det' followed by a 'nom', so addtrie has to pop two elements |
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− | addtrie [address3] |
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− | |||
− | push "\w<predet>\t" |
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− | push "\w<n>\t" |
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− | push 2 |
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− | addtrie [address3] |
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− | </code> |
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− | |||
− | === Example 3 === |
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− | ==== XML t1x Code ==== |
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− | |||
− | <code> |
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− | <def-macro n="f_coma" npar="1"> |
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− | <choose> |
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− | <when> |
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− | <test> |
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− | <equal caseless="yes"> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="sl" part="lem"/> |
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− | <lit v="como"/> |
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− | </equal> |
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− | </test> |
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− | <let> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="lem"/> |
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− | <get-case-from pos="1"> |
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− | <lit v="com a"/> |
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− | </get-case-from> |
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− | </let> |
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− | </when> |
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− | </choose> |
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− | </def-macro> |
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− | </code> |
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− | |||
− | ==== Compiled code ==== |
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− | |||
− | <code> |
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− | f_coma: push 1 ; "pos" of "clip" |
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− | push "^\w+" ; "lem" |
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− | clipsl ; gets the value clips on the top of the stack. |
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− | ; "sl" side is implied in the name of the instruction |
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− | push "como" |
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− | cmpi ; does the comparison and cleans the stack, it means caseless |
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− | jnz end ; if the comparison does not succeeds, go to end |
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− | ; semantics: j = jump n = not z = zero flag is activated |
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− | ; zero flag is activated when a comparison succeeds |
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− | ; or an arithmetical operation gives 0 |
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− | push 1 ; "pos" of "clip" |
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− | push "^\w+" |
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− | push "com a" |
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− | storetl ; store the value provided in the top of the stack |
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− | ; given position 1, "tl" side and "lem" |
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− | |||
− | end: ... |
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− | </code> |
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− | |||
− | === Example 4 === |
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− | ==== XML t1x Code ==== |
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− | <code> |
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− | <test> |
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− | <or> |
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− | <not> |
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− | <equal> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="sl" part="gen"/> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="sl" part="gen"/> |
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− | </equal> |
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− | </not> |
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− | <not> |
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− | <equal> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="sl" part="gen"/> |
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− | <clip pos="3" side="sl" part="gen"/> |
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− | </equal> |
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− | </not> |
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− | </or> |
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− | </test> |
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− | </code> |
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− | ==== Compiled code ==== |
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− | |||
− | <code> |
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− | start: push 1 |
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− | push [regex] ; part="gen" |
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− | clipsl |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; part="gen" |
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− | clipsl |
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− | cmp ; compare (case sensitive) |
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− | pushnz ; NOT zero flag and push in stack |
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− | |||
− | push 2 |
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− | push [regex] ; part="gen" |
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− | clipsl |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push [regex] ; part="gen" |
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− | clipsl |
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− | cmp ; compare (case sensitive) |
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− | pushnz |
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− | |||
− | or ; pop 2 items and OR, push result in stack |
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− | jnz end ; jump if zero flag is 0 (we did not get ZERO as the result) |
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− | |||
− | ... ... ... |
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− | (code for successful test) |
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− | ... ... ... |
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− | end: ... |
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− | </code> |
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− | |||
− | === Example 5 === |
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− | ==== XML t1x Code ==== |
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− | <def-list n="verbos_est"> |
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− | <list-item v="actuar"/> |
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− | <list-item v="buscar"/> |
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− | <list-item v="estudiar"/> |
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− | <list-item v="existir"/> |
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− | <list-item v="ingressar"/> |
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− | <list-item v="introduir"/> |
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− | <list-item v="penetrar"/> |
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− | <list-item v="publicar"/> |
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− | <list-item v="treballar"/> |
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− | <list-item v="viure"/> |
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− | </def-list> |
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− | |||
− | <rule> |
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− | <pattern> |
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− | <pattern-item n="verb"/> |
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− | <pattern-item n="a"/> |
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− | </pattern> |
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− | <action> |
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− | <choose> |
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− | <when> |
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− | <test> |
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− | <in caseless="yes"/> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="sl" part="lem"/> |
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− | <list n="verbos_est"/> |
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− | </in> |
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− | </test> |
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− | <let> |
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− | <clip pos="2" side="tl" part="lem"/> |
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− | <lit v="en"/> |
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− | </let> |
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− | </when> |
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− | </choose> |
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− | </rule> |
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− | |||
− | ==== Compiled code ==== |
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− | push "actuar" |
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− | push "buscar" |
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− | push "estudiar" |
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− | push "existir" |
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− | push "ingressar" |
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− | push "introduir" |
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− | push "penetrar" |
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− | push "publicar" |
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− | push "treballar" |
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− | push "viure" |
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− | push 10 ; number of elements in the list |
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− | mklist verbos_est ; make a list variable named 'verbos_est' and put the last 10 data |
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− | ; from the stack in the list |
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− | |||
− | rule1: push [regex_verb] |
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− | push [regex_a] |
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− | push 2 |
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− | addtrie rule1_action |
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− | ... ... ... |
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− | ... ... ... |
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− | |||
− | rule1_action: push 1 |
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− | push "^\w+" ; lem |
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− | clipsl ; we have lemmma in stack now |
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− | incini verbox_est ; if in verbos_est (ignore case), set ZF = 1, else ZF = 0 |
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− | jnz rule1_end |
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− | |||
− | push 2 |
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− | push "^\w+" |
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− | push "en" |
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− | storetl |
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− | rule1_end: ... |
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− | |||
− | === Example 6 === |
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− | ==== XML t1x Code ==== |
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− | <def-macro n="firstWord" npar="1"> |
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− | <choose> |
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− | <when> |
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− | <test> |
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− | <equal> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="sl" part="a_np_acr"/> |
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− | <lit v=""/> |
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− | </equal> |
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− | </test> |
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− | <choose> |
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− | <when> |
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− | <test> |
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− | <equal> |
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− | <var n="EOS"/> |
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− | <lit v="true"/> |
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− | </equal> |
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− | </test> |
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− | <modify-case> |
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− | <clip pos="1" side="tl" part="lem"/> |
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− | <lit v="aa"/> |
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− | </modify-case> |
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− | <let> |
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− | <var n="caseFirstWord"/> |
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− | <lit v="Aa"/> |
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− | </let> |
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− | </when> |
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− | <otherwise> |
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− | <let> |
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− | <var n="caseFirstWord"/> |
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− | <lit v="aa"/> |
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− | </let> |
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− | </otherwise> |
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− | </choose> |
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− | </when> |
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− | <otherwise> |
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− | <let> |
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− | <var n="caseFirstWord"/> |
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− | <lit v="aa"/> |
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− | </let> |
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− | </otherwise> |
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− | </choose> |
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− | <let> |
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− | <var n="EOS"/> |
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− | <lit v="false"/> |
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− | </let> |
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− | </def-macro> |
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− | |||
− | |||
− | <rule comment="REGLA: DET DET ADJ NOM (your many beautiful cats)"> |
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− | ... ... |
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− | <action> |
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− | <call-macro n="firstWord"> |
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− | <with-param pos="1"/> |
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− | </call-macro> |
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− | <call-macro n="f_concord4"> |
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− | <with-param pos="4"/> |
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− | <with-param pos="3"/> |
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− | <with-param pos="2"/> |
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− | <with-param pos="1"/> |
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− | </call-macro> |
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− | ... |
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− | <out> |
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− | <chunk name="det_det_nom_adj" case="caseFirstWord"> |
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− | ... ... |
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− | </chunk> |
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− | </out> |
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− | </action> |
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− | </rule> |
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− | |||
− | ==== Compiled code ==== |
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− | |||
− | firstWord: |
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− | ... ... ; normal translation of instructions, all the variables are assumed global |
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− | ... ... |
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− | ret ; ret instruction does a number of things |
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− | ; pops 'frame stack', current 'local variable frame' is reset with popped |
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− | ; values (actually its more pointer assignment), C++ version will also |
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− | ; do the necessary deallocations |
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− | ; pops global stack, update PC with the popped value |
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− | ... ... |
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− | ... ... |
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− | rule_ddan_action: push 1 ; pos = 1 |
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− | push 1 ; number of parameters 1 |
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− | call firstWord ; macro label |
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− | ; call statement does a number of things |
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− | ; 1. temppc = PC + 1, set PC = firstWord |
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− | ; 2. pushes the current 'local variable frame' into 'frame stack' |
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− | ; 3. create a new 'local variable frame' |
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− | ; 4. pops the arguments from the stack and places then in the 'local |
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− | ; variable frame' |
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− | ; 5. pushes temppc in global stack (it will be used by the return |
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− | ; statement) |
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− | |||
− | ; 6. continue (instruction at firstWord will be evaluated next) |
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− | push 1 ; notice that the arguments are pushed in reverse order |
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− | ; when popped, they will be in the right order |
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− | push 2 |
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− | push 3 |
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− | push 4 |
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− | push 4 |
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− | call f_concord4 |
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− | ... ... |
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− | |||
− | == Development Notes == |
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− | |||
− | * None of the macro and actions need to return anything (unlike conventional functions), so provision for returning a value (using stack) is unnecessary |
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− | |||
− | * The local variable frame is actually a queue with a maximum length equal to the maximum pattern length in the trie. |
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