Difference between revisions of "User:Sushain/SemeticLanguages"

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{{TOCD}}
 
{{TOCD}}
The '''Semetic languages''' (<code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/semetic sem]</code>) constitute a language family and a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Spoken by more than 470 million people throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, the most widely spoken Semetic languages are [[Arabic]], [[Maltese]], [[Hebrew]], [[Amharic]], and [[Tigrigna]].
+
The '''Semitic languages''' (<code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/semutic sem]</code>) constitute a group of related languages and a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Spoken by more than 470 million people throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, the most widely spoken Semitic languages are [[Arabic]], [[Maltese]], [[Hebrew]], [[Amharic]], and [[Tigrigna]].
   
 
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
 
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
   
 
==Status==
 
==Status==
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Semetic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a [[Constraint Grammar|CG]] for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
+
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Semitic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a [[Constraint Grammar|CG]] for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
   
 
===Transducers===
 
===Transducers===
Line 26: Line 26:
 
! -2
 
! -2
 
! -3
 
! -3
|-
 
| <code>[[apertium-ara]]</code>
 
|| [[Arabic]]
 
|| العربية
 
||<code>ar</code>
 
|| <code>ara</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|align="right"| ?
 
|align="right"| ?
 
|align="center"|
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| <code>[[apertium-heb]]</code>
 
| <code>[[apertium-heb]]</code>
 
|| [[Hebrew]]
 
|| [[Hebrew]]
|| עִבְרִית
+
|align="right"| עִבְרִית
 
||<code>he</code>
 
||<code>he</code>
 
|| <code>heb</code>
 
|| <code>heb</code>
  +
|| [[lttoolbox]]
|| ?
 
|| ?
+
|| development
|align="right"| ?
+
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|heb-stems}}
|align="right"| ?
+
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|heb-paradigms}}
 
|align="center"|
 
|align="center"|
  +
|| [[apertium-ara-heb]] ([[incubator]])
|| ?
 
|| ?
+
|| missmaryx
 
|-
 
|-
 
| <code>[[apertium-mlt]]</code>
 
| <code>[[apertium-mlt]]</code>
Line 58: Line 45:
 
||<code>mt</code>
 
||<code>mt</code>
 
|| <code>mlt</code>
 
|| <code>mlt</code>
  +
|| [[lttoolbox]]
|| ?
 
|| ?
+
|| development
|align="right"| ?
+
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-mlt/stats|stems}}
|align="right"| ?
+
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-mlt/stats|paradigms}}
 
|align="center"|
 
|align="center"|
  +
|| [[apertium-mlt]] ([[languages]])
|| ?
 
  +
|| [[User:Francis_Tyers|Fran]], [[User:Unhammer|Unhammer]], Fronczak
|| ?
 
  +
|-
  +
| <code>[[apertium-ara]]</code>
  +
|| [[Arabic]]
  +
|align="right"| العربية
  +
||<code>ar</code>
  +
|| <code>ara</code>
  +
|| [[lttoolbox]]
  +
|| development
  +
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-stems}}
  +
|align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-paradigms}}
  +
|align="center"|
  +
|| [[apertium-ara-heb]] ([[incubator]])
  +
|| missmaryx
 
|}
 
|}
   
== Semetic languages by subgroup ==
+
=== Existing language pairs ===
  +
Text in ''italics'' denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in staging, while text in '''bold''' denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in '''''bold and italics''''' denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with [[dixcounter]] are displayed below.
There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages:
 
 
*East Semitic languages: Akkadian, Eblaite (extinct)
 
*Central Semitic languages
 
**Northwest Semitic languages: [[Aramaic]], [[Canaanite languages]], [[Hebrew]]
 
**Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, [[Arabic|Standard Arabic]], [[Maltese]], etc.
 
*South Semitic languages
 
**Western: [[Ethiopic languages]] ([[Amharic]], [[Tigrinya]], etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.)
 
**Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri)
 
 
== Existing language pairs ==
 
Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk.
 
 
   
 
{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable"
 
{| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable"
 
|- style="background: #ececec"
 
|- style="background: #ececec"
! !! mlt !! heb !! ara
+
! !! heb !! mlt !! ara
 
|-
 
|-
| '''mlt''' || - || [[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-he/stats|mt-he-stems}} || [[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-ar/stats|mt-ar-stems}}
+
| '''heb''' || - || '''''[[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]'''''<br>3,634 || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>131
 
|-
 
|-
| '''heb''' || [[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-he/stats|mt-he-stems}} || - || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-heb-stems}}
+
| '''mlt''' || '''''[[Apertium-mt-he|mt-he]]'''''<br>3,634 || - || '''''[[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]'''''<br>7,570
 
|-
 
|-
| '''ara''' || [[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]<br>{{#lst:Apertium-mt-ar/stats|mt-ar-stems}} || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-ara-heb/stats|ara-heb-stems}} || -
+
| '''ara''' || ''[[Apertium-ara-heb|ara-heb]]''<br>131 || '''''[[Apertium-mt-ar|mt-ar]]'''''<br>7,570 || -
 
|-
 
|-
 
| || || ||
 
| || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| '''eng''' || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-en-mt/stats|en-mt-stems}} || ||
+
| '''eng''' || || ''[[Apertium-en-mt|en-mt]]''<br>814 ||
 
|-
 
|-
| '''epo''' || || ''[[Apertium-eo-he|eo-he]]''<br>{{#lst:Apertium-eo-he/stats|eo-he-stems}} ||
+
| '''epo''' || ''[[Apertium-eo-he|eo-he]]''<br>1,505 || ||
 
|}
 
|}
  +
  +
== Semitic languages by subgroup ==
  +
There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages:
  +
  +
*East Semitic languages: Akkadian, Eblaite (extinct)
  +
*Central Semitic languages
  +
**Northwest Semitic languages: [[Aramaic]], [[Canaanite languages]], [[Hebrew]]
  +
**Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, [[Arabic|Standard Arabic]], [[Maltese]], etc.
  +
*South Semitic languages
  +
**Western: [[Ethiopic languages]] ([[Amharic]], [[Tigrinya]], etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.)
  +
**Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri)
   
 
==Samples==
 
==Samples==
Line 107: Line 106:
 
! Language !! Text
 
! Language !! Text
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Arabic
|| Maltese || Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa.
 
  +
|align="right"| يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء.
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Maltese
|| Hebrew || כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה.
 
  +
|| Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa.
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Hebrew
|| Arabic || يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء.
 
  +
|align="right"| כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה.
|}
 
 
==Vulnerability==
 
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Semetic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas]’.
 
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
!rowspan=2| Language
 
!rowspan=2| ISO639-3
 
!colspan=2|UNESCO
 
!colspan=3|Ethnologue 
 
|-class="sortbottom"
 
! Areas
 
! Vulnerability
 
! Speakers
 
! Status
 
! Location
 
|-
 
|| Tigrigna
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir tir]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 4,320,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 2,820,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 6,915,000.
 
|| 2 (Provincial)
 
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Amharic
 
|| Amharic
  +
|| የሰው፡ልጅ፡ሁሉ፡ሲወለድ፡ነጻና፡በክብርና፡በመብትም፡እኩልነት፡ያለው፡ነው።፡የተፈጥሮ፡ማስተዋልና፡ሕሊና፡ስላለው፡አንዱ፡ሌላውን፡በወንድማማችነት፡መንፈስ፡መመልከት፡ይገባዋል።
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh amh]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 21,600,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 14,750,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 21,811,560.
 
|| 1 (National)
 
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Hebrew
+
|| Tigrigna
  +
|| ብመንፅር ክብርን መሰልን ኩሎም ሰባት እንትውለዱ ነፃን ማዕሪን እዮም፡፡ ምስትውዓልን ሕልናን ዝተዓደሎም ብምዃኖም ንሕድሕዶም ብሕውነታዊ መንፈስ ክተሓላለዩ ኦለዎም፡፡
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb heb]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 4,850,000 in Israel (1998). Population total all countries: 5,302,770.
 
|| 1 (National)
 
|| Israel
 
|-
 
|| Maltese
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlt mlt]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 300,000 in Malta (Katzner 1975). Population total all countries: 429,000.
 
|| 1 (National)
 
|| Malta
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Standard
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arb arb]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 206,000,000 L1 speakers of all Arabic varieties (Wiesenfeld 1999).
 
|| 1 (National)
 
|| Saudi Arabia
 
 
|}
 
|}
   
  +
==Vulnerability==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
 
  +
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Semitic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, [http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas]’ and [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue].
! Language !! ISO639-3 !! Areas !! Vulnerability
 
|-
 
|| Ge'ez
 
|align="center"| <code>gez</code>
 
|| Ethiopia
 
|| 5 - Extinct
 
|-
 
|| Mlahso (Syria)
 
|align="center"| <code>lhs</code>
 
|| Syrian Arab Republic
 
|| 5 - Extinct
 
|-
 
|| Lishanid Noshan (Iraq)
 
|align="center"| <code>aij</code>
 
|| Iraq
 
|| 5 - Extinct
 
|-
 
|| Lishana Deni (Iraq)
 
|align="center"| <code>lsd</code>
 
|| Iraq
 
|| 5 - Extinct
 
|-
 
|| Lishan Didan (Iran)
 
|align="center"| <code>trg</code>
 
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of)
 
|| 5 - Extinct
 
|-
 
|| Hulaula (Iran)
 
|align="center"| <code>huy</code>
 
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of)
 
|| 5 - Extinct
 
|-
 
|| Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic (Iraq)
 
|align="center"| <code>bjf</code>
 
|| Iraq
 
|| 5 - Extinct
 
|-
 
|| Bathari
 
|align="center"| <code>bhm</code>
 
|| Oman
 
|| 4 - Critically endangered
 
|-
 
|| Argobba
 
|align="center"| <code>agj</code>
 
|| Ethiopia
 
|| 4 - Critically endangered
 
|-
 
|| Mandaic
 
|align="center"| <code>mid</code>
 
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq
 
|| 4 - Critically endangered
 
|-
 
|| Senaya
 
|align="center"| <code>syn</code>
 
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of)
 
|| 4 - Critically endangered
 
|-
 
|| Hértevin
 
|align="center"| <code>hrt</code>
 
|| Turkey
 
|| 4 - Critically endangered
 
|-
 
|| Soqotri
 
|align="center"| <code>sqt</code>
 
|| Yemen
 
|| 3 - Severely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Jibbali
 
|align="center"| <code>shv</code>
 
|| Oman
 
|| 3 - Severely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Hobyot
 
|align="center"| <code>hoh</code>
 
|| Oman, Yemen
 
|| 3 - Severely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Zay
 
|align="center"| <code>zwa</code>
 
|| Ethiopia
 
|| 3 - Severely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Tunisian Judeo-Arabic (Israel)
 
|align="center"| <code>ajt</code>
 
|| Israel
 
|| 3 - Severely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Cypriot Arabic
 
|align="center"| <code>acy</code>
 
|| Cyprus
 
|| 3 - Severely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Turoyo
 
|align="center"| <code>tru</code>
 
|| Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey
 
|| 3 - Severely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
 
|align="center"| <code>bhn</code>
 
|| Georgia, Russian Federation
 
|| 3 - Severely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Mehri
 
|align="center"| <code>gdq</code>
 
|| Oman, Yemen
 
|| 2 - Definitely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Harsusi
 
|align="center"| <code>hss</code>
 
|| Oman
 
|| 2 - Definitely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Moroccan Judeo-Arabic (Israel)
 
|align="center"| <code>aju</code>
 
|| Israel
 
|| 2 - Definitely endangered
 
|-
 
|| Western Neo-Aramaic
 
|align="center"| <code>amw</code>
 
|| Syrian Arab Republic
 
|| 2 - Definitely endangered
 
|}
 
   
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
!rowspan=2| Language
 
!rowspan=2| Language
 
!rowspan=2| ISO639-3
 
!rowspan=2| ISO639-3
  +
!rowspan=2| Location
!colspan=2|UNESCO
 
  +
!rowspan=2| Speakers
!colspan=3|Ethnologue 
 
  +
!colspan=2|Status
 
|-class="sortbottom"
 
|-class="sortbottom"
  +
! Ethnologue
! Areas
 
  +
! UNESCO
! Vulnerability
 
! Speakers
 
! Status
 
! Location
 
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
|| Mesmes
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mys mys]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tmr tmr]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Iraq
|| ?
+
|align="right"| 0
|| No remaining speakers.
 
 
|| 10 (Extinct)
 
|| 10 (Extinct)
|| Ethiopia
+
|| -
|-
 
|| Mandaic, Classical
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/myz myz]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| No remaining speakers.
 
|| 10 (Extinct)
 
|| Iran
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Mlahsö
 
|| Mlahsö
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lhs lhs]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lhs lhs]</code>
 
|| Syrian Arab Republic
 
|| Syrian Arab Republic
  +
|align="right"| 0
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|| No remaining speakers.
 
 
|| 10 (Extinct)
 
|| 10 (Extinct)
|| Syria
+
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Mandaic, Classical
|| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tmr tmr]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/myz myz]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Iran
|| ?
+
|align="right"| 0
|| No remaining speakers.
 
 
|| 10 (Extinct)
 
|| 10 (Extinct)
|| Iraq
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Geez
+
|| Mesmes
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gez gez]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mys mys]</code>
 
|| Ethiopia
 
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 0
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
  +
|| 10 (Extinct)
|| No known L1 speakers in Ethiopia.
 
  +
|| -
|| 9 (Second language only)
 
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Samaritan
+
|| Syriac
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/smp smp]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syc syc]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Turkey
|| ?
+
|align="right"| 0
|| No known L1 speakers in Palestine. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi).
 
 
|| 9 (Dormant)
 
|| 9 (Dormant)
|| Palestine
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Hebrew, Ancient
 
|| Hebrew, Ancient
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hbo hbo]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hbo hbo]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Israel
|| ?
+
|align="right"| 0
|| No known L1 speakers.
 
 
|| 9 (Dormant)
 
|| 9 (Dormant)
|| Israel
+
|| -
  +
|-
  +
|| Geez
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gez gez]</code>
  +
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 0
  +
|| 9 (Second language only)
  +
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Samaritan Aramaic
 
|| Samaritan Aramaic
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sam sam]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sam sam]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Palestine
  +
|align="right"| 620
|| ?
 
|| No known L1 speakers in Palestine. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi).
 
 
|| 9 (Dormant)
 
|| 9 (Dormant)
|| Palestine
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Syriac
+
|| Samaritan
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syc syc]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/smp smp]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Palestine
  +
|align="right"| 620
|| ?
 
|| No known L1 speakers.
 
 
|| 9 (Dormant)
 
|| 9 (Dormant)
|| Turkey
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic
|| Soqotri
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt sqt]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bjf bjf]</code>
|| Yemen
+
|| Israel & Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 20
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
 
  +
|| 8b (Nearly extinct)
|| 57,000 in Yemen (1990 census). Population total all countries: 64,000.
 
|| 8a (Moribund)
+
|| 5 (Extinct)
  +
|-
|| Yemen
 
  +
|| Bathari
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhm bhm]</code>
  +
|| Oman
  +
|align="right"| 200
  +
|| 8b (Nearly extinct)
  +
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
  +
|-
  +
|| Senaya
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syn syn]</code>
  +
|| Iran
  +
|align="right"| 460
  +
|| 8b (Nearly extinct)
  +
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Hobyót
 
|| Hobyót
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoh hoh]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoh hoh]</code>
 
|| Oman, Yemen
 
|| Oman, Yemen
  +
|align="right"| 100
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
 
|| 100 (1998 H. Mutzafi).
 
 
|| 8a (Moribund)
 
|| 8a (Moribund)
  +
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|| Oman
 
|-
 
|| Bathari
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhm bhm]</code>
 
|| Oman
 
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
 
|| 200 in Oman (2011).
 
|| 8b (Nearly extinct)
 
|| Oman
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/auz auz]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/auz auz]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Uzbekistan
  +
|align="right"| 700
|| ?
 
|| 700.
 
 
|| 8a (Moribund)
 
|| 8a (Moribund)
|| Uzbekistan
+
|| -
|-
 
|| Senaya
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/syn syn]</code>
 
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of)
 
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
 
|| 60 in Iran (1997 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 460.
 
|| 8b (Nearly extinct)
 
|| Iran
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Hulaulá
 
|| Hulaulá
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/huy huy]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/huy huy]</code>
  +
|| Israel & Iran
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of)
 
  +
|align="right"| 10,350
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|| 10,000 in Israel (1999 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 10,350.
 
 
|| 8a (Moribund)
 
|| 8a (Moribund)
|| Israel
+
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Soqotri
|| Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bjf bjf]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqt sqt]</code>
|| Iraq
+
|| Yemen
  +
|align="right"| 64,000
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|| 20 (2004 H. Mutzafi).
+
|| 8a (Moribund)
|| 8b (Nearly extinct)
+
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|| Israel
 
|-
 
|| Mehri
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gdq gdq]</code>
 
|| Oman, Yemen
 
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
 
|| 50,000 in Yemen (2011). Population total all countries: 115,200.
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| Yemen
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Harsusi
 
|| Harsusi
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hss hss]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hss hss]</code>
 
|| Oman
 
|| Oman
  +
|align="right"| 600
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
 
|| 600 (2011).
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
  +
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
|| Oman
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian
+
|| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajt ajt]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhn bhn]</code>
  +
|| Georgia, Russian Federation
|| Israel
 
  +
|align="right"| 1,000
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
 
|| 45,000 in Israel (1995 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 45,500.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
  +
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|| Israel
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian
+
|| Arabic, Cypriot Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yud yud]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acy acy]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Cyprus
  +
|align="right"| 1,300
|| ?
 
|| 30,000 in Israel (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 35,000.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
  +
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|| Israel
 
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Lishanid Noshan
|| Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aju aju]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aij aij]</code>
|| Israel
+
|| Israel & Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 2,200
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
 
|| 250,000 in Israel (1992 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 258,930.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
|| Israel
+
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi
+
|| Lishán Didán
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yhd yhd]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/trg trg]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Israel & Iran
  +
|align="right"| 4,450
|| ?
 
|| 100,000 in Israel (1994). Population total all countries: 151,820.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
|| Israel
+
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Mandaic
|| Arabic, Cypriot Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acy acy]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mid mid]</code>
|| Cyprus
+
|| Iran, Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 5,500
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
 
  +
|| 7 (Shifting)
|| 1,300 (1995). Ethnic population: 6,000 in Cypriot Maronite ethnic group, 140 Maronites in Kormatiki, 80 to 100 in Limassol, the rest in the Maronite community in Nicosia.
 
  +
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
  +
|-
  +
|| Lishana Deni
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lsd lsd]</code>
  +
|| Israel & Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 7,500
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
|| Cyprus
+
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Western Neo-Aramaic
 
|| Western Neo-Aramaic
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amw amw]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amw amw]</code>
 
|| Syrian Arab Republic
 
|| Syrian Arab Republic
  +
|align="right"| 15,000
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
 
|| 15,000 (1996). 8,000 in Maaloula.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
  +
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
|| Syria
 
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian
|| Mandaic
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mid mid]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yud yud]</code>
  +
|| Israel
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq
 
  +
|align="right"| 35,000
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
 
|| 5,000 in Iraq (2006). Population total all countries: 5,500. Ethnic population: 30,000.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
|| Iraq
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian
|| Lishanid Noshan
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aij aij]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajt ajt]</code>
|| Iraq
+
|| Israel
  +
|align="right"| 45,500
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|| 2,200 (1994 H. Mutzafi).
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
  +
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|| Israel
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Lishana Deni
+
|| Mehri
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lsd lsd]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gdq gdq]</code>
|| Iraq
+
|| Oman, Yemen
  +
|align="right"| 115,200
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|| 7,500 (1999 H. Mutzafi). Ethnic population: 9,060.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
  +
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
|| Israel
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Lishán Didán
+
|| Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/trg trg]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yhd yhd]</code>
  +
|| Israel
|| Iran (Islamic Republic of)
 
  +
|align="right"| 151,820
|| 5 (Extinct)
 
|| 4,230 in Israel (2001). Population total all countries: 4,450.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
|| Israel
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
 
|| Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cld cld]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cld cld]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 206,000
|| ?
 
|| 100,000 in Iraq (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 206,000.
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
|| Iraq
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
+
|| Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhn bhn]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aju aju]</code>
  +
|| Israel
|| Georgia, Russian Federation
 
  +
|align="right"| 258,930
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
 
|| 1,000 in Georgia (1999 S. Fox).
 
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
 
|| 7 (Shifting)
  +
|| 2 (Definitely endangered)
|| Georgia
 
|-
 
|| Shehri
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shv shv]</code>
 
|| Oman
 
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
 
|| 25,000 (1993 census).
 
|| 6b (Threatened)
 
|| Oman
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Zay
 
|| Zay
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/zwa zwa]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/zwa zwa]</code>
 
|| Ethiopia
 
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 4,880
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
 
|| 4,880 (1994 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,880.
 
 
|| 6b (Threatened)
 
|| 6b (Threatened)
  +
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Arabic, Tajiki Spoken
|| Wolane
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/wle wle]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abh abh]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Tajikistan
  +
|align="right"| 6,000
|| ?
 
|| ?
+
|| 6b (Threatened)
  +
|| -
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Harari
+
|| Shehri
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/har har]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shv shv]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Oman
  +
|align="right"| 25,000
|| ?
 
  +
|| 6b (Threatened)
|| 25,800 (2007 census). 2,350 monolinguals. 20,000 in Addis Ababa, outside Harar City (Hetzron 1997:486).
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
+
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Argobba
 
|| Argobba
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agj agj]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agj agj]</code>
 
|| Ethiopia
 
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 43,700
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
 
|| 43,700 (2007 census). 100 monolinguals.
 
 
|| 6b (Threatened)
 
|| 6b (Threatened)
  +
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Mesqan
+
|| Turoyo
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mvz mvz]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tru tru]</code>
  +
|| Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey
|| ?
 
  +
|align="right"| 62,000
|| ?
 
  +
|| 6b (Threatened)
|| 195,000 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 205,000 (Woreda Farmers’ Cooperatives Office).
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
+
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
|| Inor
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ior ior]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii aii]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 232,300
|| ?
 
  +
|| 6b (Threatened)
|| 280,000. 50,000 Endegeny.
 
  +
|| -
  +
|-
  +
|| Koy Sanjaq Surat
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kqd kqd]</code>
  +
|| Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 800
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Ethiopia
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Kistane
+
|| Hértevin
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gru gru]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hrt hrt]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Turkey
  +
|align="right"| 1,000
|| ?
 
|| 255,000 (1994 census). Ethnic population: 364,000 (1994 census) including 4,000 Gogot.
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
  +
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
|| Ethiopia
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Dahalik
 
|| Dahalik
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dlk dlk]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dlk dlk]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Eritrea
  +
|align="right"| 2,500
|| ?
 
|| 2,500 (2012 J. McLaughlin).
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Eritrea
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Harari
|| Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acq acq]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/har har]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 25,800
|| ?
 
|| 6,760,000 in Yemen (1996). Population total all countries: 7,078,500.
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Yemen
+
|| -
|-
 
|| Arabic, Tajiki Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abh abh]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 1,000 in Tajikistan. Population total all countries: 6,000.
 
|| 6b (Threatened)
 
|| Tajikistan
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Shihhi Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Shihhi Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ssh ssh]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ssh ssh]</code>
  +
|| United Arab Emirates
|| ?
 
  +
|align="right"| 27,000
|| ?
 
|| 5,000 in United Arab Emirates (1995). Population total all countries: 27,000.
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
  +
|| -
|| United Arab Emirates
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken
+
|| Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aec aec]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/jye jye]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Israel
  +
|align="right"| 51,000
|| ?
 
|| 19,000,000 (2006).
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Egypt
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Sanaani Spoken
+
|| Arabic, Dhofari Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayn ayn]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/adf adf]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Oman
  +
|align="right"| 70,000
|| ?
 
|| 7,600,000 (1996).
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Yemen
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken
+
|| Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayp ayp]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aao aao]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Algeria
  +
|align="right"| 130,500
|| ?
 
|| 5,400,000 in Iraq (1992). Population total all countries: 6,300,000.
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Iraq
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Mesqan
|| Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/jye jye]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mvz mvz]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 195,000
|| ?
 
|| 50,000 in Israel (1995 Y. Kara). Population total all countries: 51,000.
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Israel
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Kistane
|| Arabic, Hijazi Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acw acw]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gru gru]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 255,000
|| ?
 
  +
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| 6,000,000 in Saudi Arabia (1996). Population total all countries: 6,023,900.
 
  +
|| -
  +
|-
  +
|| Inor
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ior ior]</code>
  +
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 280,000
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
  +
|| -
|| Saudi Arabia
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Hadrami Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Hadrami Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayh ayh]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayh ayh]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Yemen
  +
|align="right"| 410,000
|| ?
 
  +
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| 300,000 in Yemen (1995). Population total all countries: 410,000.
 
  +
|| -
  +
|-
  +
|| Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/avl avl]</code>
  +
|| Egypt
  +
|align="right"| 1,690,000
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Yemen
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Gulf Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Gulf Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/afb afb]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/afb afb]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 3,601,000
|| ?
 
|| 40,000 in Iraq. Population total all countries: 3,601,000.
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Iraq
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken
+
|| Arabic, Hijazi Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/avl avl]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acw acw]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Saudi Arabia
  +
|align="right"| 6,023,900
|| ?
 
|| 860,000 in Egypt (2006). Population total all countries: 1,690,000.
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Egypt
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Dhofari Spoken
+
|| Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/adf adf]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayp ayp]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 6,300,000
|| ?
 
|| 70,000 (1996).
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Oman
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken
+
|| Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aao aao]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acq acq]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Yemen
  +
|align="right"| 7,078,500
|| ?
 
|| 100,000 in Algeria (1996). Population total all countries: 130,500.
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Algeria
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Arabic, Sanaani Spoken
|| Turoyo
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tru tru]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayn ayn]</code>
  +
|| Yemen
|| Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey
 
  +
|align="right"| 7,600,000
|| 3 (Severely endangered)
 
  +
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| 3,000 in Turkey (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 62,000. Ethnic population: 50,000–70,000 (1994).
 
  +
|| -
|| 6b (Threatened)
 
|| Turkey
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Koy Sanjaq Surat
+
|| Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kqd kqd]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aec aec]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Egypt
  +
|align="right"| 19,000,000
|| ?
 
|| 800 (1995 H. Mutzafi).
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Iraq
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Hértevin
+
|| Wolane
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hrt hrt]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/wle wle]</code>
|| Turkey
+
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| ?
|| 4 (Critically endangered)
 
|| 1,000 (1999 H. Mutzafi).
 
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
 
|| 6a (Vigorous)
|| Turkey
+
|| -
|-
 
|| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii aii]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 30,000 in Iraq (1994). Population total all countries: 232,300. Ethnic population: 4,250,000 (1994).
 
|| 6b (Threatened)
 
|| Iraq
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Sebat Bet Gurage
 
|| Sebat Bet Gurage
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw sgw]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sgw sgw]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 440000
|| ?
 
|| 440000. Chaha 130,000, Gura 20,000, Muher 90,000, Gyeto 80,000, Ezha 120,000.
 
 
|| 5 (Developing)
 
|| 5 (Developing)
|| Ethiopia
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Omani Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Omani Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acx acx]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acx acx]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Oman
  +
|align="right"| 853,900
|| ?
 
|| 720,000 in Oman (1996). Population total all countries: 853,900.
 
 
|| 5 (Developing)
 
|| 5 (Developing)
|| Oman
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Silt’e
 
|| Silt’e
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/stv stv]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/stv stv]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 935,000
|| ?
 
|| 935,000 (2007 census).
 
 
|| 4 (Educational)
 
|| 4 (Educational)
|| Ethiopia
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Tigré
 
|| Tigré
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tig tig]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tig tig]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Eritrea
  +
|align="right"| 1,050,000
|| ?
 
|| 1,050,000 in Eritrea (2006), increasing.
 
 
|| 4 (Educational)
 
|| 4 (Educational)
|| Eritrea
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
  +
|| Arabic, Baharna Spoken
|| Hassaniyya
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mey mey]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abv abv]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Bahrain
  +
|align="right"| 310,000
|| ?
 
|| 2,770,000 in Mauritania (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,278,190.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Mauritania
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Tunisian Spoken
+
|| Arabic, Chadian Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb aeb]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shu shu]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Chad
  +
|align="right"| 1,139,100
|| ?
 
|| 9,000,000 in Tunisia (1995). Population total all countries: 9,406,900.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Tunisia
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Sudanese Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Sudanese Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apd apd]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apd apd]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Sudan
  +
|align="right"| 1,833,000
|| ?
 
|| 15,000,000 in South Sudan and Sudan. Population total all countries: 1,833,000.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Sudan
+
|| -
  +
|-
  +
|| Hassaniyya
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mey mey]</code>
  +
|| Mauritania
  +
|align="right"| 3,278,190
  +
|| 3 (Wider communication)
  +
|| -
  +
|-
  +
|| Arabic, Libyan Spoken
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayl ayl]</code>
  +
|| Libya
  +
|align="right"| 4,320,500
  +
|| 3 (Wider communication)
  +
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, South Levantine Spoken
 
|| Arabic, South Levantine Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajp ajp]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ajp ajp]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Jordan
  +
|align="right"| 6,200,000
|| ?
 
|| 3,500,000 in Jordan (1996). Population total all countries: 6,200,000.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Jordan
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
+
|| Arabic, Tunisian Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apc apc]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb aeb]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Tunisia
  +
|align="right"| 9,406,900
|| ?
 
|| 8,800,000 in Syria (1991). 6,000,000 in Lebanese-Central Syrian, 1,000,000 in North Syrian. Population total all countries: 14,426,540.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Syria
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Najdi Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Najdi Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ars ars]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ars ars]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Saudi Arabia
  +
|align="right"| 9,670,000
|| ?
 
|| 8,000,000 in Saudi Arabia. Population total all countries: 9,670,000.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
  +
|| -
|| Saudi Arabia
 
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Moroccan Spoken
+
|| Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ary ary]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/apc apc]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Syria
  +
|align="right"| 14,426,540
|| ?
 
|| 18,800,000 in Morocco (1995). Population total all countries: 21,048,600.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Morocco
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acm acm]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/acm acm]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Iraq
  +
|align="right"| 15,100,000
|| ?
 
|| 11,500,000 in Iraq. Population total all countries: 15,100,000.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Iraq
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Arabic, Libyan Spoken
+
|| Arabic, Moroccan Spoken
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayl ayl]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ary ary]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Morocco
  +
|align="right"| 21,048,600
|| ?
 
|| 4,000,000 in Libya (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 4,320,500.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Libya
+
|| -
  +
|-
  +
|| Arabic, Algerian Spoken
  +
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arq arq]</code>
  +
|| Algeria
  +
|align="right"| 27,997,000
  +
|| 3 (Wider communication)
  +
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Egyptian Spoken
 
|| Arabic, Egyptian Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz arz]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz arz]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Egypt
  +
|align="right"| 53,990,000
|| ?
 
|| 52,500,000 in Egypt (2006). Population total all countries: 53,990,000.
 
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
|| Egypt
+
|| -
|-
 
|| Arabic, Chadian Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/shu shu]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 896,100 in Chad (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 1,139,100.
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| Chad
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Baharna Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/abv abv]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 300,000 in Bahrain (1995). Population total all countries: 310,000.
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| Bahrain
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Algerian Spoken
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arq arq]</code>
 
|| ?
 
|| ?
 
|| 26,000,000 in Algeria (2012 Sherbrooke University), increasing. Population total all countries: 27,997,000.
 
|| 3 (Wider communication)
 
|| Algeria
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Tigrigna
 
|| Tigrigna
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir tir]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir tir]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 6,915,000
|| ?
 
|| 4,320,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 2,820,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 6,915,000.
 
 
|| 2 (Provincial)
 
|| 2 (Provincial)
|| Ethiopia
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Amharic
+
|| Maltese
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh amh]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlt mlt]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Malta
  +
|align="right"| 429,000
|| ?
 
|| 21,600,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 14,750,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 21,811,560.
 
 
|| 1 (National)
 
|| 1 (National)
|| Ethiopia
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Hebrew
 
|| Hebrew
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb heb]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/heb heb]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Israel
  +
|align="right"| 5,302,770
|| ?
 
|| 4,850,000 in Israel (1998). Population total all countries: 5,302,770.
 
 
|| 1 (National)
 
|| 1 (National)
|| Israel
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
|| Maltese
+
|| Amharic
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlt mlt]</code>
+
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh amh]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Ethiopia
  +
|align="right"| 21,811,560
|| ?
 
|| 300,000 in Malta (Katzner 1975). Population total all countries: 429,000.
 
 
|| 1 (National)
 
|| 1 (National)
|| Malta
+
|| -
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Arabic, Standard
 
|| Arabic, Standard
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arb arb]</code>
 
|align="center"| <code>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arb arb]</code>
|| ?
+
|| Saudi Arabia
  +
|align="right"| 206,000,000
|| ?
 
|| 206,000,000 L1 speakers of all Arabic varieties (Wiesenfeld 1999).
 
 
|| 1 (National)
 
|| 1 (National)
  +
|| -
|| Saudi Arabia
 
 
|}
 
|}
   
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semetic_languages "Semetic languages"], which is released under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0].
+
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages "Semitic languages"], which is released under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0].

Latest revision as of 07:52, 3 January 2014

The Semitic languages (sem) constitute a group of related languages and a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Spoken by more than 470 million people throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, the most widely spoken Semitic languages are Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew, Amharic, and Tigrigna.

The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.

Status[edit]

The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Semitic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.

Transducers[edit]

Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".

name language native name ISO 639 formalism state stems paradigms coverage location primary authors
-2 -3
apertium-heb Hebrew עִבְרִית he heb lttoolbox development apertium-ara-heb (incubator) missmaryx
apertium-mlt Maltese Malti mt mlt lttoolbox development 7,371 758 apertium-mlt (languages) Fran, Unhammer, Fronczak
apertium-ara Arabic العربية ar ara lttoolbox development apertium-ara-heb (incubator) missmaryx

Existing language pairs[edit]

Text in italics denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in bold and italics denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with dixcounter are displayed below.

heb mlt ara
heb - mt-he
3,634
ara-heb
131
mlt mt-he
3,634
- mt-ar
7,570
ara ara-heb
131
mt-ar
7,570
-
eng en-mt
814
epo eo-he
1,505

Semitic languages by subgroup[edit]

There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages:

  • East Semitic languages: Akkadian, Eblaite (extinct)
  • Central Semitic languages
  • South Semitic languages
    • Western: Ethiopic languages (Amharic, Tigrinya, etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.)
    • Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri)

Samples[edit]

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Language Text
Arabic يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء.
Maltese Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa.
Hebrew כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה.
Amharic የሰው፡ልጅ፡ሁሉ፡ሲወለድ፡ነጻና፡በክብርና፡በመብትም፡እኩልነት፡ያለው፡ነው።፡የተፈጥሮ፡ማስተዋልና፡ሕሊና፡ስላለው፡አንዱ፡ሌላውን፡በወንድማማችነት፡መንፈስ፡መመልከት፡ይገባዋል።
Tigrigna ብመንፅር ክብርን መሰልን ኩሎም ሰባት እንትውለዱ ነፃን ማዕሪን እዮም፡፡ ምስትውዓልን ሕልናን ዝተዓደሎም ብምዃኖም ንሕድሕዶም ብሕውነታዊ መንፈስ ክተሓላለዩ ኦለዎም፡፡

Vulnerability[edit]

This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Semitic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.

Language ISO639-3 Location Speakers Status
Ethnologue UNESCO
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic tmr Iraq 0 10 (Extinct) -
Mlahsö lhs Syrian Arab Republic 0 10 (Extinct) 5 (Extinct)
Mandaic, Classical myz Iran 0 10 (Extinct) -
Mesmes mys Ethiopia 0 10 (Extinct) -
Syriac syc Turkey 0 9 (Dormant) -
Hebrew, Ancient hbo Israel 0 9 (Dormant) -
Geez gez Ethiopia 0 9 (Second language only) 5 (Extinct)
Samaritan Aramaic sam Palestine 620 9 (Dormant) -
Samaritan smp Palestine 620 9 (Dormant) -
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic bjf Israel & Iraq 20 8b (Nearly extinct) 5 (Extinct)
Bathari bhm Oman 200 8b (Nearly extinct) 4 (Critically endangered)
Senaya syn Iran 460 8b (Nearly extinct) 4 (Critically endangered)
Hobyót hoh Oman, Yemen 100 8a (Moribund) 3 (Severely endangered)
Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken auz Uzbekistan 700 8a (Moribund) -
Hulaulá huy Israel & Iran 10,350 8a (Moribund) 5 (Extinct)
Soqotri sqt Yemen 64,000 8a (Moribund) 3 (Severely endangered)
Harsusi hss Oman 600 7 (Shifting) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic bhn Georgia, Russian Federation 1,000 7 (Shifting) 3 (Severely endangered)
Arabic, Cypriot Spoken acy Cyprus 1,300 7 (Shifting) 3 (Severely endangered)
Lishanid Noshan aij Israel & Iraq 2,200 7 (Shifting) 5 (Extinct)
Lishán Didán trg Israel & Iran 4,450 7 (Shifting) 5 (Extinct)
Mandaic mid Iran, Iraq 5,500 7 (Shifting) 4 (Critically endangered)
Lishana Deni lsd Israel & Iraq 7,500 7 (Shifting) 5 (Extinct)
Western Neo-Aramaic amw Syrian Arab Republic 15,000 7 (Shifting) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian yud Israel 35,000 7 (Shifting) -
Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian ajt Israel 45,500 7 (Shifting) 3 (Severely endangered)
Mehri gdq Oman, Yemen 115,200 7 (Shifting) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi yhd Israel 151,820 7 (Shifting) -
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic cld Iraq 206,000 7 (Shifting) -
Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan aju Israel 258,930 7 (Shifting) 2 (Definitely endangered)
Zay zwa Ethiopia 4,880 6b (Threatened) 3 (Severely endangered)
Arabic, Tajiki Spoken abh Tajikistan 6,000 6b (Threatened) -
Shehri shv Oman 25,000 6b (Threatened) 3 (Severely endangered)
Argobba agj Ethiopia 43,700 6b (Threatened) 4 (Critically endangered)
Turoyo tru Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey 62,000 6b (Threatened) 3 (Severely endangered)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic aii Iraq 232,300 6b (Threatened) -
Koy Sanjaq Surat kqd Iraq 800 6a (Vigorous) -
Hértevin hrt Turkey 1,000 6a (Vigorous) 4 (Critically endangered)
Dahalik dlk Eritrea 2,500 6a (Vigorous) -
Harari har Ethiopia 25,800 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Shihhi Spoken ssh United Arab Emirates 27,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni jye Israel 51,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Dhofari Spoken adf Oman 70,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken aao Algeria 130,500 6a (Vigorous) -
Mesqan mvz Ethiopia 195,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Kistane gru Ethiopia 255,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Inor ior Ethiopia 280,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Hadrami Spoken ayh Yemen 410,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken avl Egypt 1,690,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Gulf Spoken afb Iraq 3,601,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Hijazi Spoken acw Saudi Arabia 6,023,900 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken ayp Iraq 6,300,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken acq Yemen 7,078,500 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Sanaani Spoken ayn Yemen 7,600,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken aec Egypt 19,000,000 6a (Vigorous) -
Wolane wle Ethiopia ? 6a (Vigorous) -
Sebat Bet Gurage sgw Ethiopia 440000 5 (Developing) -
Arabic, Omani Spoken acx Oman 853,900 5 (Developing) -
Silt’e stv Ethiopia 935,000 4 (Educational) -
Tigré tig Eritrea 1,050,000 4 (Educational) -
Arabic, Baharna Spoken abv Bahrain 310,000 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Chadian Spoken shu Chad 1,139,100 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Sudanese Spoken apd Sudan 1,833,000 3 (Wider communication) -
Hassaniyya mey Mauritania 3,278,190 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Libyan Spoken ayl Libya 4,320,500 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, South Levantine Spoken ajp Jordan 6,200,000 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Tunisian Spoken aeb Tunisia 9,406,900 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Najdi Spoken ars Saudi Arabia 9,670,000 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken apc Syria 14,426,540 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken acm Iraq 15,100,000 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Moroccan Spoken ary Morocco 21,048,600 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Algerian Spoken arq Algeria 27,997,000 3 (Wider communication) -
Arabic, Egyptian Spoken arz Egypt 53,990,000 3 (Wider communication) -
Tigrigna tir Ethiopia 6,915,000 2 (Provincial) -
Maltese mlt Malta 429,000 1 (National) -
Hebrew heb Israel 5,302,770 1 (National) -
Amharic amh Ethiopia 21,811,560 1 (National) -
Arabic, Standard arb Saudi Arabia 206,000,000 1 (National) -

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Semitic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.