Phonetics and phonology

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Places of articulation:

  • bilabial (e.g. [b]),
  • labio-dental (e.g. [v]),
  • interdental,
  • dental (e.g. [ð]),
  • alveolar (e.g. [t], [d], [s], [z]),
  • post-alveolar (e.g. [ʒ]),
  • retroflex,
  • palatal (e.g. [j]),
  • velar (e.g. [w], [k], [g]),
  • uvular (e.g. [χ], [ʀ]),
  • pharyngeal,
  • laryngeal (glottal)
  • // = underlying; [] = pronunciation
  • Liquids: l
  • Rhotics: r
  • Glides: j w
  • Dorsals: ğ
  • Fricative: ll ç
  • Sibilant: s
  • Affricate: tl č