Difference between revisions of "English and Spanish/Contrastive grammar"

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===Definite Articles (the)===
  
===Definite Articles (the)===
−
* {{test|es|El muro (masculine, singular)|The wall}}
 +
* {{test|spa|El muro|The wall}}
−
* {{test|es|Los Muros (masculine, plural)|The walls}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Los Muros|The walls}}
−
* {{test|es|La manzana (feminine, singular)|The apple}}
+
* {{test|spa|La manzana|The apple}}
−
* {{test|es|Las manzanas (feminine, plural)|The apples}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Las manzanas|The apples}}
   
 
===Indefinite Articles (a/an/some)===
  
===Indefinite Articles (a/an/some)===
−
* {{test|es|Un muro (masculine, singular)|A wall}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Un muro|A wall}}
−
* {{test|es|Unos Muros (masculine, plural)|Some walls}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Unos Muros|Some walls}}
−
* {{test|es|Una manzana (feminine, singular)|An apple}}
+
* {{test|spa|Una manzana|An apple}}
−
* {{test|es|Unas manzanas (feminine, plural)|Some apples}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Unas manzanas|Some apples}}
−  
−  
   
 
==ADJECTIVES==
  
==ADJECTIVES==
   
−
In Spanish, adjective usually succeeds a noun. Their suffixes changes in agreement to the noun’s gender and quantity. Below are the literal translations of adjectives that follow this rule.
 +
In Spanish, adjective usually succeeds a noun. Their suffixes changes in agreement to the noun’s gender and quantity.
−
* {{test|es|El muchacho perezoso (masculine, singular)|The man lazy}}
 +
* {{test|spa|El muchacho perezoso|The lazy guy}}
−
* {{test|es|Los muchachos perezosos (masculine, plural)|The men lazy}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Los muchachos perezosos|The lazy guys}}
−
* {{test|es|La muchacha perezosa (feminine, singular)|The woman lazy }}
+
* {{test|spa|La muchacha perezosa|The lazy woman}}
−
* {{test|es|Las muchachas perezosas (feminine, plural)|The women lazy}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Las muchachas perezosas|The lazy women}}
   
   
 
However, there are exceptions where an adjective precedes a noun. These adjectives are usually for emphasis of an essential quality.
  
However, there are exceptions where an adjective precedes a noun. These adjectives are usually for emphasis of an essential quality.
−
* {{test|es|La dulce miel es deliciosa en pan tostado.|The sweet honey is delicious on toast bread.}}
+
* {{test|spa|La dulce miel es deliciosa en pan tostado.|The sweet honey is delicious on toast bread.}}
−
* {{test|es|El valiente león protege su territorio.|The brave lion protects its territory.}}
 +
* {{test|spa|El valiente león protege su territorio.|The brave lion protects its territory.}}
   
 
==VERBS==
  
==VERBS==
   
−
In Spanish, verbs are conjugated according to the subject. Below are examples of the present tense conjugation of the two languages.
 +
Below are examples of the present tense conjugation of the two languages.
   
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Ir|To walk}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Yo voy|I walk}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Tú vas|You walk}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Él/ella/ va|He/She walks}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Nosotros vamos|We walk}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Vosotros vaís|You all walk}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Ello/Ella van|They walk}}
   
⚫
* {{test|es|Ir|To walk}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Yo voy|I walk}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Tú vas|You(informal, singular) walk}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Él/ella/usted va|He/She/You(formal, singular) walks}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Nosotros vamos|We walk}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Vosotros vaís|You(informal, plural) walk}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Ello/Ella/Ustedes van|They/You(informal, plural) walk}}
  
   
⚫
* {{test|es|Comer|To eat}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Yo como|I eat}}
  
−
* {{test|es|Tú comes|You(informal, singular) eat}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Él/ella/usted come|He/She/You(formal, singular) eats}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Nosotros comemos|We eat}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Vosotros comeís|You(informal, plural) eat}}
  
⚫
* {{test|es|Ello/Ella/Ustedes comen|They/You(informal, plural) eat}}
  
   
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Comer|To eat}}
⚫
In Spanish, subject pronouns can be dropped as the suffixes of the verbs make the subject understood.
  
−
* {{test|es|Como pan.|(I) eat bread.}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Yo como|I eat}}
−
* {{test|es|Tenemos dinero.|(We) have money.}}
 +
* {{test|spa|Tú comes|You eat}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Él/ella come|He/She eats}}
⚫
* {{test|es|Estás en la escuela.|(You(informal, singular)) are in school.}}
  
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Nosotros comemos|We eat}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Vosotros comeís|You all eat}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Ello/Ella comen|They eat}}
   
  ⚫
In Spanish, subject pronouns can be dropped as the suffixes of the verbs make the subject understood.
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Como pan.|I eat bread.}}
  +
* {{test|spa|Tenemos dinero.|We have money.}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|Estás en la escuela.|You are in school.}}
   
 
==PUNCTUATION==
  
==PUNCTUATION==
   
−
Spanish has two unique punctuation marks, the inverted question mark (¿) and the inverted exclamation mark (¡). These question marks are usually inserted at the beginning of a sentence to indicate that the sentence is interrogative/exclamatory in nature.
 +
Spanish has two unique punctuation marks, the inverted question mark (¿) and the inverted exclamation mark (¡). These punctuation marks are usually inserted at the beginning of a sentence.
   
 
===Inverted question mark (¿)===
  
===Inverted question mark (¿)===
−
-(es) ¿Cómo está usted?: How are you?
 +
* {{test|spa|¿Cómo estás?|How are you?}}
−
-(es) ¿Dondé están los alumnos?: Where are the students?
 +
* {{test|spa|¿Dondé están los alumnos?|Where are the students?}}
−
-(es) ¿Cuales son los animales más grande en el mundo?: What are the biggest animals in the world?
 +
* {{test|spa|¿Cuales son los animales más grande en el mundo?|What are the biggest animals in the world?}}
   
 
===Inverted exclamation mark (¡)===
  
===Inverted exclamation mark (¡)===
−
-(es) ¡Qué linda!: How lovely!
 +
* {{test|spa|¡Qué linda!|How lovely!}}
−
-(es) ¡Dime por favor!: Talk to me please!
 +
* {{test|spa|¡Dime por favor!|Please talk to me!}}
−
-(es) ¡Ya estoy enfermo, profesor!: I’m already sick, teacher!
 +
* {{test|spa|¡Ya estoy enfermo, profesor!|I’m already sick, teacher!}}
   
   
   
−
'''INTERROGATION'''
 +
==INTERROGATION==
   
 
In Spanish interrogative sentences, the order of the verb and the subject is reversed.
  
In Spanish interrogative sentences, the order of the verb and the subject is reversed.
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|¿Tomaste el almuerzo?|Did you take lunch?}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|¿Comemos nosotros los tacos?|Do we eat the tacos?}}
  ⚫
* {{test|spa|¿Tenemos ellos las paraguas?|Do they have umbrellas?}}
   
  +
To make a sentence interrogative in English, you insert do/does/did at the beginning of the sentence.
−
Literal Translation
  
  +
* {{test|en|Do you have a moment?|¿Tienes un momento?}}
⚫
-(es) ¿Tomó usted el almuerzo?: Took you the lunch? (Did you take lunch?)
  
  ⚫
* {{test|en|Did you watch “Cory in the House” last night?|¿Miraste "Cory en la casa"?}}
⚫
-(es) ¿Comemos nosotros los tacos?: Eat we the tacos? (Do we eat the tacos?)
  
⚫
-(es) ¿Tenemos ellos las paraguas?: Have they the umbrellas? (Do they have umbrellas?)
  
−  
−  
−
In English interrogative sentences, The sentence order is usually in this format:
  
−
do/does/did + Subject + Verb + rest of the sentence
  
−
-(en) Do you have a moment?
  
⚫
-(en) Did you watch “Cory in the House” last night?
  
   
 
Sometimes, the do/does/did that precedes the subject is replaced by modal verbs(can, could, should etc…)
  
Sometimes, the do/does/did that precedes the subject is replaced by modal verbs(can, could, should etc…)
−
-(en) Can you stop being so ignorant?
 +
* {{test|en|Can you stop being so ignorant?|¿Puedes parar ser tan ignorante?}}
−
-(en) Should we make paella for dinner tonight?
 +
* {{test|en|Should we make paella for dinner tonight?|¿Tendríamos que hacer paella esta noche?}}
   
  ⚫
==OBJECT PRONOUNS==
−  
−  
⚫
'''OBJECT PRONOUNS'''
  
   
 
In Spanish, objects in a sentence can be replaced by direct or indirect object pronouns to avoid repetition.
  
In Spanish, objects in a sentence can be replaced by direct or indirect object pronouns to avoid repetition.
   
−
Direct object pronoun usually replaces an inanimate object
 +
===Direct object pronoun===
  +
Usually replaces an inanimate object
−
-(es) Tengo una pluma verde. Yo la quiero: (I) have a green pen. I love (it)
  
−
-(es) Ella compró una taza. Ella la rompió: She Bought a cup. She broke (it)
 +
* {{test|spa|Yo tengo una pluma verde. Yo la quiero.|I have a green pen. I love it.}}
  +
* {{test|spa|Ella compró una taza. Ella la rompió.|She Bought a cup. She broke it.}}
−  
   
−
Indirect object pronoun usually replaces a person
 +
===Indirect object pronoun===
  +
Usually replaces a person or a group of people
−
-(es) Él me da un vaso de jugo de naranja: He gives (me) a glass of orange juice.
 +
* {{test|spa|Él me da un vaso de jugo de naranja.|He gives me a glass of orange juice.}}
−
-(es) Yo les compra los chocolates: I buy (them) chocolates.
 +
* {{test|spa|Yo les compra los chocolates.|I buy them chocolates.}}
−
-(es) Juan nos compra un regalo: Juan buys (us) a gift.
 +
* {{test|spa|Juan nos compra un regalo.|Juan buys us a gift.}}

Latest revision as of 09:30, 18 December 2016

NOUNS[edit]

Unlike English, nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine. The definite and indefinite articles that precede a noun change according to the gender and quantity of the noun.

Definite Articles (the)[edit]

  • (spa) El muro → The wall
  • (spa) Los Muros → The walls
  • (spa) La manzana → The apple
  • (spa) Las manzanas → The apples

Indefinite Articles (a/an/some)[edit]

  • (spa) Un muro → A wall
  • (spa) Unos Muros → Some walls
  • (spa) Una manzana → An apple
  • (spa) Unas manzanas → Some apples

ADJECTIVES[edit]

In Spanish, adjective usually succeeds a noun. Their suffixes changes in agreement to the noun’s gender and quantity.

  • (spa) El muchacho perezoso → The lazy guy
  • (spa) Los muchachos perezosos → The lazy guys
  • (spa) La muchacha perezosa → The lazy woman
  • (spa) Las muchachas perezosas → The lazy women


However, there are exceptions where an adjective precedes a noun. These adjectives are usually for emphasis of an essential quality.

  • (spa) La dulce miel es deliciosa en pan tostado. → The sweet honey is delicious on toast bread.
  • (spa) El valiente león protege su territorio. → The brave lion protects its territory.

VERBS[edit]

Below are examples of the present tense conjugation of the two languages.

  • (spa) Ir → To walk
  • (spa) Yo voy → I walk
  • (spa) Tú vas → You walk
  • (spa) Él/ella/ va → He/She walks
  • (spa) Nosotros vamos → We walk
  • (spa) Vosotros vaís → You all walk
  • (spa) Ello/Ella van → They walk


  • (spa) Comer → To eat
  • (spa) Yo como → I eat
  • (spa) Tú comes → You eat
  • (spa) Él/ella come → He/She eats
  • (spa) Nosotros comemos → We eat
  • (spa) Vosotros comeís → You all eat
  • (spa) Ello/Ella comen → They eat

In Spanish, subject pronouns can be dropped as the suffixes of the verbs make the subject understood.

  • (spa) Como pan. → I eat bread.
  • (spa) Tenemos dinero. → We have money.
  • (spa) Estás en la escuela. → You are in school.

PUNCTUATION[edit]

Spanish has two unique punctuation marks, the inverted question mark (¿) and the inverted exclamation mark (¡). These punctuation marks are usually inserted at the beginning of a sentence.

Inverted question mark (¿)[edit]

  • (spa) ¿Cómo estás? → How are you?
  • (spa) ¿Dondé están los alumnos? → Where are the students?
  • (spa) ¿Cuales son los animales más grande en el mundo? → What are the biggest animals in the world?

Inverted exclamation mark (¡)[edit]

  • (spa) ¡Qué linda! → How lovely!
  • (spa) ¡Dime por favor! → Please talk to me!
  • (spa) ¡Ya estoy enfermo, profesor! → I’m already sick, teacher!


INTERROGATION[edit]

In Spanish interrogative sentences, the order of the verb and the subject is reversed.

  • (spa) ¿Tomaste el almuerzo? → Did you take lunch?
  • (spa) ¿Comemos nosotros los tacos? → Do we eat the tacos?
  • (spa) ¿Tenemos ellos las paraguas? → Do they have umbrellas?

To make a sentence interrogative in English, you insert do/does/did at the beginning of the sentence.

  • (en) Do you have a moment? → ¿Tienes un momento?
  • (en) Did you watch “Cory in the House” last night? → ¿Miraste "Cory en la casa"?

Sometimes, the do/does/did that precedes the subject is replaced by modal verbs(can, could, should etc…)

  • (en) Can you stop being so ignorant? → ¿Puedes parar ser tan ignorante?
  • (en) Should we make paella for dinner tonight? → ¿Tendríamos que hacer paella esta noche?

OBJECT PRONOUNS[edit]

In Spanish, objects in a sentence can be replaced by direct or indirect object pronouns to avoid repetition.

Direct object pronoun[edit]

Usually replaces an inanimate object

  • (spa) Yo tengo una pluma verde. Yo la quiero. → I have a green pen. I love it.
  • (spa) Ella compró una taza. Ella la rompió. → She Bought a cup. She broke it.

Indirect object pronoun[edit]

Usually replaces a person or a group of people

  • (spa) Él me da un vaso de jugo de naranja. → He gives me a glass of orange juice.
  • (spa) Yo les compra los chocolates. → I buy them chocolates.
  • (spa) Juan nos compra un regalo. → Juan buys us a gift.
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