Difference between revisions of "Comparison of part-of-speech tagging systems"

From Apertium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 12: Line 12:
 
! Catalan !! Spanish !! Serbo-Croatian !! Russian !! Kazakh !! Portuguese !! Swedish
 
! Catalan !! Spanish !! Serbo-Croatian !! Russian !! Kazakh !! Portuguese !! Swedish
 
|-
 
|-
! <small>23,673</small> !! <small>20,487</small> !! <small>20,128</small> !! <small>1,052</small> !! <small>13,714</small> !! <small>6,725</small> !! <small>369</small>
+
! <small>23,673</small> !! <small>20,487</small> !! <small>20,071</small> !! <small>1,052</small> !! <small>13,714</small> !! <small>6,725</small> !! <small>369</small>
 
|-
 
|-
| '''1st''' ||align=right| 86.50 ||align=right| 90.34 ||||align=right| 38.19 ||align=right| 72.08 ||align=right| 76.70 ||align=right| 34.70
+
| '''1st''' ||align=right| 86.50 ||align=right| 90.34 ||align=right| 44.99±1.20 ||align=right| 38.19 ||align=right| 72.08 ||align=right| 76.70 ||align=right| 34.70
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Bigram (unsup, 0 iters)''' ||align=right| 88.96±1.12 ||align=right| 88.49±1.54 ||||||||align=right| 81.41±5.78
+
| '''Bigram (unsup, 0 iters)''' ||align=right| 88.96±1.12 ||align=right| 88.49±1.54 ||align=right| 47.31±1.24 ||||||align=right| 81.41±5.78
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Bigram (unsup, 50 iters)''' ||align=right| 91.74±1.15 ||align=right| 91.13±1.52 ||||||||align=right| 81.09±5.99
+
| '''Bigram (unsup, 50 iters)''' ||align=right| 91.74±1.15 ||align=right| 91.13±1.52 ||align=right| 48.28±1.33 ||||||align=right| 81.09±5.99
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Bigram (unsup, 250 iters)''' ||align=right| 91.51±1.16 ||align=right| 90.85±1.48 ||||||||align=right| 80.31±6.60
+
| '''Bigram (unsup, 250 iters)''' ||align=right| 91.51±1.16 ||align=right| 90.85±1.48 ||align=right| 48.05±1.47 ||||||align=right| 80.31±6.60
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Lwsw (0 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.73±0.89 ||align=right| 92.86±0.95 ||||||||align=right| 83.01±5.47
+
| '''Lwsw (0 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.73±0.89 ||align=right| 92.86±0.95 ||align=right| 43.56±1.20 ||||||align=right| 83.01±5.47
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Lwsw (50 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.98±0.85 ||align=right| 93.01±1.02 ||||||||align=right| 82.70±5.76
+
| '''Lwsw (50 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.98±0.85 ||align=right| 93.01±1.02 ||align=right| 45.09±1.15 ||||||align=right| 82.70±5.76
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Lwsw (250 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.99±0.84 ||align=right| 93.06±1.02 ||||||||align=right| 82.75±5.79
+
| '''Lwsw (250 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.99±0.84 ||align=right| 93.06±1.02 ||align=right| 45.13±1.17 ||||||align=right| 82.75±5.79
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→1st''' ||align=right| 88.05 ||align=right| 91.10 ||||align=right| 39.81 ||align=right| 81.56 ||align=right| 87.99 ||align=right| 42.90
+
| '''CG→1st''' ||align=right| 88.05 ||align=right| 91.10 ||align=right| 64.01±1.04 ||align=right| 39.81 ||align=right| 81.56 ||align=right| 87.99 ||align=right| 42.90
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 0 iters)''' ||align=right| 91.83±1.03 ||align=right| 91.39±1.42 ||||||||align=right| 86.77±6.33
+
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 0 iters)''' ||align=right| 91.83±1.03 ||align=right| 91.39±1.42 ||align=right| 60.37±1.45 ||||||align=right| 86.77±6.33
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 50 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.16±1.39 ||align=right| 92.53±1.29 ||||||||align=right| 87.48±6.16
+
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 50 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.16±1.39 ||align=right| 92.53±1.29 ||align=right| 60.91±1.65 ||||||align=right| 87.48±6.16
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 250 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.99±1.38 ||align=right| 92.50±1.23 ||||||||align=right| 87.20±6.72
+
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 250 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.99±1.38 ||align=right| 92.50±1.23 ||align=right| 60.88±1.66 ||||||align=right| 87.20±6.72
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Lwsw (0 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.17±1.08 ||align=right| 92.72±1.09 ||||||||align=right| 86.60±6.20
+
| '''CG→Lwsw (0 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.17±1.08 ||align=right| 92.72±1.09 ||align=right| 59.93±1.46 ||||||align=right| 86.60±6.20
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Lwsw (50 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.37±1.02 ||align=right| 92.74±1.16 ||||||||align=right| 86.54±6.21
+
| '''CG→Lwsw (50 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.37±1.02 ||align=right| 92.74±1.16 ||align=right| 60.38±1.57 ||||||align=right| 86.54±6.21
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Lwsw (250 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.38±1.05 ||align=right| 92.77±1.18 ||||||||align=right| 86.54±6.20
+
| '''CG→Lwsw (250 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.38±1.05 ||align=right| 92.77±1.18 ||align=right| 60.42±1.53 ||||||align=right| 86.54±6.20
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Unigram model 1''' ||align=right| 93.86±1.13 ||align=right| 93.96±0.98 ||||align=right| 39.11±8.91 ||align=right| 80.63±3.87 ||align=right| 86.00±6.63 ||align=right| 46.48±5.78
+
| '''Unigram model 1''' ||align=right| 93.86±1.13 ||align=right| 93.96±0.98 ||align=right| 63.96±0.92 ||align=right| 39.11±8.91 ||align=right| 80.63±3.87 ||align=right| 86.00±6.63 ||align=right| 46.48±5.78
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Unigram model 2''' ||align=right| 93.90±1.09 ||align=right| 93.69±0.94 ||||align=right| 40.36±8.59 ||align=right| 82.19±3.70 ||align=right| 87.13±6.23 ||align=right| 47.12±8.29
+
| '''Unigram model 2''' ||align=right| 93.90±1.09 ||align=right| 93.69±0.94 ||align=right| 67.51±0.67 ||align=right| 40.36±8.59 ||align=right| 82.19±3.70 ||align=right| 87.13±6.23 ||align=right| 47.12±8.29
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Unigram model 3''' ||align=right| 93.88±1.08 ||align=right| 93.67±0.94 ||||align=right| 40.36±8.59 ||align=right| 82.45±3.80 ||align=right| 87.11±6.13 ||align=right| 47.12±8.29
+
| '''Unigram model 3''' ||align=right| 93.88±1.08 ||align=right| 93.67±0.94 ||align=right| 67.47±0.64 ||align=right| 40.36±8.59 ||align=right| 82.45±3.80 ||align=right| 87.11±6.13 ||align=right| 47.12±8.29
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Bigram (sup)''' ||align=right| 96.00±0.87 ||align=right| 95.47±1.07 ||||||||align=right| 88.07±6.50
+
| '''Bigram (sup)''' ||align=right| 96.00±0.87 ||align=right| 95.47±1.07 ||align=right| 55.26±0.87 ||||||align=right| 88.07±6.50
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Unigram model 1''' ||align=right| 94.34±1.11 ||align=right| 94.73±0.88 ||||align=right| 40.71±9.39 ||align=right| 84.54±3.29 ||align=right| 88.42±6.55 ||align=right| 46.84±5.48
+
| '''CG→Unigram model 1''' ||align=right| 94.34±1.11 ||align=right| 94.73±0.88 ||align=right| 68.42±0.69 ||align=right| 40.71±9.39 ||align=right| 84.54±3.29 ||align=right| 88.42±6.55 ||align=right| 46.84±5.48
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Unigram model 2''' ||align=right| 94.11±1.09 ||align=right| 94.33±0.82 ||||align=right| 41.43±9.21 ||align=right| 84.62±3.47 ||align=right| 88.64±6.13 ||align=right| 47.07±7.39
+
| '''CG→Unigram model 2''' ||align=right| 94.11±1.09 ||align=right| 94.33±0.82 ||align=right| 68.93±0.72 ||align=right| 41.43±9.21 ||align=right| 84.62±3.47 ||align=right| 88.64±6.13 ||align=right| 47.07±7.39
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Unigram model 3''' ||align=right| 94.09±1.08 ||align=right| 94.31±0.81 ||||align=right| 41.43±9.21 ||align=right| 84.71±3.54 ||align=right| 88.63±6.07 ||align=right| 47.07±7.39
+
| '''CG→Unigram model 3''' ||align=right| 94.09±1.08 ||align=right| 94.31±0.81 ||align=right| 68.88±0.72 ||align=right| 41.43±9.21 ||align=right| 84.71±3.54 ||align=right| 88.63±6.07 ||align=right| 47.07±7.39
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Bigram (sup)''' ||align=right| 96.00±1.13 ||align=right| 94.88±1.18 ||||||||align=right| 88.73±6.36
+
| '''CG→Bigram (sup)''' ||align=right| 96.00±1.13 ||align=right| 94.88±1.18 ||align=right| 65.66±1.16 ||||||align=right| 88.73±6.36
 
|}
 
|}
   
Line 66: Line 66:
 
! Catalan !! Spanish !! Serbo-Croatian !! Russian !! Kazakh !! Portuguese !! Swedish
 
! Catalan !! Spanish !! Serbo-Croatian !! Russian !! Kazakh !! Portuguese !! Swedish
 
|-
 
|-
! <small>23,673</small> !! <small>20,487</small> !! <small>20,128</small> !! <small>1,052</small> !! <small>13,714</small> !! <small>6,725</small> !! <small>369</small>
+
! <small>23,673</small> !! <small>20,487</small> !! <small>20,071</small> !! <small>1,052</small> !! <small>13,714</small> !! <small>6,725</small> !! <small>369</small>
 
|-
 
|-
| '''1st''' ||align=right| 87.86 ||align=right| 91.82 ||||align=right| 75.93 ||align=right| 77.72 ||align=right| 83.00 ||align=right| 64.47
+
| '''1st''' ||align=right| 87.86 ||align=right| 91.82 ||align=right| 52.56±1.53 ||align=right| 75.93 ||align=right| 77.72 ||align=right| 83.00 ||align=right| 64.47
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Bigram (unsup, 0 iters)''' ||align=right| 90.35±1.17 ||align=right| 89.95±1.45 ||||||||align=right| 89.72±2.06
+
| '''Bigram (unsup, 0 iters)''' ||align=right| 90.35±1.17 ||align=right| 89.95±1.45 ||align=right| 55.27±1.63 ||||||align=right| 89.72±2.06
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Bigram (unsup, 50 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.17±1.21 ||align=right| 92.63±1.40 ||||||||align=right| 89.35±1.99
+
| '''Bigram (unsup, 50 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.17±1.21 ||align=right| 92.63±1.40 ||align=right| 56.40±1.70 ||||||align=right| 89.35±1.99
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Bigram (unsup, 250 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.94±1.22 ||align=right| 92.35±1.33 ||||||||align=right| 88.45±2.51
+
| '''Bigram (unsup, 250 iters)''' ||align=right| 92.94±1.22 ||align=right| 92.35±1.33 ||align=right| 56.13±1.87 ||||||align=right| 88.45±2.51
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Lwsw (0 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.18±0.91 ||align=right| 94.40±0.77 ||||||||align=right| 91.51±1.22
+
| '''Lwsw (0 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.18±0.91 ||align=right| 94.40±0.77 ||align=right| 50.88±1.54 ||||||align=right| 91.51±1.22
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Lwsw (50 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.44±0.81 ||align=right| 94.54±0.83 ||||||||align=right| 91.14±1.62
+
| '''Lwsw (50 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.44±0.81 ||align=right| 94.54±0.83 ||align=right| 52.67±1.46 ||||||align=right| 91.14±1.62
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Lwsw (250 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.44±0.79 ||align=right| 94.60±0.84 ||||||||align=right| 91.20±1.64
+
| '''Lwsw (250 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.44±0.79 ||align=right| 94.60±0.84 ||align=right| 52.72±1.50 ||||||align=right| 91.20±1.64
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→1st''' ||align=right| 89.44 ||align=right| 92.60 ||||align=right| 79.10 ||align=right| 87.95 ||align=right| 95.22 ||align=right| 79.70
+
| '''CG→1st''' ||align=right| 89.44 ||align=right| 92.60 ||align=right| 74.77±1.32 ||align=right| 79.10 ||align=right| 87.95 ||align=right| 95.22 ||align=right| 79.70
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 0 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.27±1.10 ||align=right| 92.90±1.30 ||||||||align=right| 95.61±1.77
+
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 0 iters)''' ||align=right| 93.27±1.10 ||align=right| 92.90±1.30 ||align=right| 70.52±1.71 ||||||align=right| 95.61±1.77
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 50 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.62±1.49 ||align=right| 94.05±1.13 ||||||||align=right| 96.41±1.38
+
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 50 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.62±1.49 ||align=right| 94.05±1.13 ||align=right| 71.15±1.94 ||||||align=right| 96.41±1.38
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 250 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.45±1.48 ||align=right| 94.03±1.09 ||||||||align=right| 96.06±2.05
+
| '''CG→Bigram (unsup, 250 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.45±1.48 ||align=right| 94.03±1.09 ||align=right| 71.11±1.95 ||||||align=right| 96.06±2.05
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Lwsw (0 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.63±1.08 ||align=right| 94.25±0.91 ||||||||align=right| 95.43±1.52
+
| '''CG→Lwsw (0 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.63±1.08 ||align=right| 94.25±0.91 ||align=right| 70.00±1.74 ||||||align=right| 95.43±1.52
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Lwsw (50 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.83±1.01 ||align=right| 94.27±0.97 ||||||||align=right| 95.36±1.54
+
| '''CG→Lwsw (50 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.83±1.01 ||align=right| 94.27±0.97 ||align=right| 70.53±1.86 ||||||align=right| 95.36±1.54
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Lwsw (250 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.84±1.03 ||align=right| 94.30±0.99 ||||||||align=right| 95.36±1.53
+
| '''CG→Lwsw (250 iters)''' ||align=right| 94.84±1.03 ||align=right| 94.30±0.99 ||align=right| 70.58±1.81 ||||||align=right| 95.36±1.53
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Unigram model 1''' ||align=right| 95.33±1.05 ||align=right| 95.51±0.84 ||||align=right| 77.54±6.51 ||align=right| 87.03±3.03 ||align=right| 94.74±2.44 ||align=right| 89.26±7.32
+
| '''Unigram model 1''' ||align=right| 95.33±1.05 ||align=right| 95.51±0.84 ||align=right| 74.72±1.43 ||align=right| 77.54±6.51 ||align=right| 87.03±3.03 ||align=right| 94.74±2.44 ||align=right| 89.26±7.32
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Unigram model 2''' ||align=right| 95.37±1.04 ||align=right| 95.23±0.77 ||||align=right| 80.06±6.11 ||align=right| 88.72±2.76 ||align=right| 96.01±1.70 ||align=right| 89.82±7.70
+
| '''Unigram model 2''' ||align=right| 95.37±1.04 ||align=right| 95.23±0.77 ||align=right| 78.87±1.05 ||align=right| 80.06±6.11 ||align=right| 88.72±2.76 ||align=right| 96.01±1.70 ||align=right| 89.82±7.70
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Unigram model 3''' ||align=right| 95.35±1.03 ||align=right| 95.22±0.79 ||||align=right| 80.06±6.11 ||align=right| 88.99±2.83 ||align=right| 95.99±1.52 ||align=right| 89.82±7.70
+
| '''Unigram model 3''' ||align=right| 95.35±1.03 ||align=right| 95.22±0.79 ||align=right| 78.82±1.06 ||align=right| 80.06±6.11 ||align=right| 88.99±2.83 ||align=right| 95.99±1.52 ||align=right| 89.82±7.70
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Bigram (sup)''' ||align=right| 97.50±0.93 ||align=right| 97.04±0.86 ||||||||align=right| 97.03±1.75
+
| '''Bigram (sup)''' ||align=right| 97.50±0.93 ||align=right| 97.04±0.86 ||align=right| 64.55±1.33 ||||||align=right| 97.03±1.75
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Unigram model 1''' ||align=right| 95.82±1.06 ||align=right| 96.30±0.68 ||||align=right| 80.56±6.70 ||align=right| 91.25±2.01 ||align=right| 97.42±1.76 ||align=right| 90.00±6.99
+
| '''CG→Unigram model 1''' ||align=right| 95.82±1.06 ||align=right| 96.30±0.68 ||align=right| 79.92±0.95 ||align=right| 80.56±6.70 ||align=right| 91.25±2.01 ||align=right| 97.42±1.76 ||align=right| 90.00±6.99
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Unigram model 2''' ||align=right| 95.58±1.07 ||align=right| 95.89±0.59 ||||align=right| 82.06±6.50 ||align=right| 91.33±2.15 ||align=right| 97.70±1.32 ||align=right| 89.97±7.50
+
| '''CG→Unigram model 2''' ||align=right| 95.58±1.07 ||align=right| 95.89±0.59 ||align=right| 80.51±0.95 ||align=right| 82.06±6.50 ||align=right| 91.33±2.15 ||align=right| 97.70±1.32 ||align=right| 89.97±7.50
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Unigram model 3''' ||align=right| 95.56±1.05 ||align=right| 95.86±0.60 ||||align=right| 82.06±6.50 ||align=right| 91.43±2.26 ||align=right| 97.69±1.28 ||align=right| 89.97±7.50
+
| '''CG→Unigram model 3''' ||align=right| 95.56±1.05 ||align=right| 95.86±0.60 ||align=right| 80.46±0.99 ||align=right| 82.06±6.50 ||align=right| 91.43±2.26 ||align=right| 97.69±1.28 ||align=right| 89.97±7.50
 
|-
 
|-
| '''CG→Bigram (sup)''' ||align=right| 97.51±1.21 ||align=right| 96.45±0.93 ||||||||align=right| 97.78±1.52
+
| '''CG→Bigram (sup)''' ||align=right| 97.51±1.21 ||align=right| 96.45±0.93 ||align=right| 76.70±1.46 ||||||align=right| 97.78±1.52
 
|}
 
|}
   

Revision as of 06:59, 24 June 2016

Apertium would like to have really good part-of-speech tagging, but in many cases falls below the state-of-the-art (around 97% tagging accuracy). This page intends to collect a comparison of tagging systems in Apertium and give some ideas of what could be done to improve them.

In the following two tables, values of the form x±y are the sample mean and standard deviation of the results of 10-fold cross validation.

In the following table the values represent tagger recall (= [true positives]/[total tokens]):

System Language
Catalan Spanish Serbo-Croatian Russian Kazakh Portuguese Swedish
23,673 20,487 20,071 1,052 13,714 6,725 369
1st 86.50 90.34 44.99±1.20 38.19 72.08 76.70 34.70
Bigram (unsup, 0 iters) 88.96±1.12 88.49±1.54 47.31±1.24 81.41±5.78
Bigram (unsup, 50 iters) 91.74±1.15 91.13±1.52 48.28±1.33 81.09±5.99
Bigram (unsup, 250 iters) 91.51±1.16 90.85±1.48 48.05±1.47 80.31±6.60
Lwsw (0 iters) 92.73±0.89 92.86±0.95 43.56±1.20 83.01±5.47
Lwsw (50 iters) 92.98±0.85 93.01±1.02 45.09±1.15 82.70±5.76
Lwsw (250 iters) 92.99±0.84 93.06±1.02 45.13±1.17 82.75±5.79
CG→1st 88.05 91.10 64.01±1.04 39.81 81.56 87.99 42.90
CG→Bigram (unsup, 0 iters) 91.83±1.03 91.39±1.42 60.37±1.45 86.77±6.33
CG→Bigram (unsup, 50 iters) 93.16±1.39 92.53±1.29 60.91±1.65 87.48±6.16
CG→Bigram (unsup, 250 iters) 92.99±1.38 92.50±1.23 60.88±1.66 87.20±6.72
CG→Lwsw (0 iters) 93.17±1.08 92.72±1.09 59.93±1.46 86.60±6.20
CG→Lwsw (50 iters) 93.37±1.02 92.74±1.16 60.38±1.57 86.54±6.21
CG→Lwsw (250 iters) 93.38±1.05 92.77±1.18 60.42±1.53 86.54±6.20
Unigram model 1 93.86±1.13 93.96±0.98 63.96±0.92 39.11±8.91 80.63±3.87 86.00±6.63 46.48±5.78
Unigram model 2 93.90±1.09 93.69±0.94 67.51±0.67 40.36±8.59 82.19±3.70 87.13±6.23 47.12±8.29
Unigram model 3 93.88±1.08 93.67±0.94 67.47±0.64 40.36±8.59 82.45±3.80 87.11±6.13 47.12±8.29
Bigram (sup) 96.00±0.87 95.47±1.07 55.26±0.87 88.07±6.50
CG→Unigram model 1 94.34±1.11 94.73±0.88 68.42±0.69 40.71±9.39 84.54±3.29 88.42±6.55 46.84±5.48
CG→Unigram model 2 94.11±1.09 94.33±0.82 68.93±0.72 41.43±9.21 84.62±3.47 88.64±6.13 47.07±7.39
CG→Unigram model 3 94.09±1.08 94.31±0.81 68.88±0.72 41.43±9.21 84.71±3.54 88.63±6.07 47.07±7.39
CG→Bigram (sup) 96.00±1.13 94.88±1.18 65.66±1.16 88.73±6.36

In the following table the values represent availability adjusted tagger recall (= [true positives]/[words with a correct analysis from the morphological parser]). This data is also available in box plot form here:

System Language
Catalan Spanish Serbo-Croatian Russian Kazakh Portuguese Swedish
23,673 20,487 20,071 1,052 13,714 6,725 369
1st 87.86 91.82 52.56±1.53 75.93 77.72 83.00 64.47
Bigram (unsup, 0 iters) 90.35±1.17 89.95±1.45 55.27±1.63 89.72±2.06
Bigram (unsup, 50 iters) 93.17±1.21 92.63±1.40 56.40±1.70 89.35±1.99
Bigram (unsup, 250 iters) 92.94±1.22 92.35±1.33 56.13±1.87 88.45±2.51
Lwsw (0 iters) 94.18±0.91 94.40±0.77 50.88±1.54 91.51±1.22
Lwsw (50 iters) 94.44±0.81 94.54±0.83 52.67±1.46 91.14±1.62
Lwsw (250 iters) 94.44±0.79 94.60±0.84 52.72±1.50 91.20±1.64
CG→1st 89.44 92.60 74.77±1.32 79.10 87.95 95.22 79.70
CG→Bigram (unsup, 0 iters) 93.27±1.10 92.90±1.30 70.52±1.71 95.61±1.77
CG→Bigram (unsup, 50 iters) 94.62±1.49 94.05±1.13 71.15±1.94 96.41±1.38
CG→Bigram (unsup, 250 iters) 94.45±1.48 94.03±1.09 71.11±1.95 96.06±2.05
CG→Lwsw (0 iters) 94.63±1.08 94.25±0.91 70.00±1.74 95.43±1.52
CG→Lwsw (50 iters) 94.83±1.01 94.27±0.97 70.53±1.86 95.36±1.54
CG→Lwsw (250 iters) 94.84±1.03 94.30±0.99 70.58±1.81 95.36±1.53
Unigram model 1 95.33±1.05 95.51±0.84 74.72±1.43 77.54±6.51 87.03±3.03 94.74±2.44 89.26±7.32
Unigram model 2 95.37±1.04 95.23±0.77 78.87±1.05 80.06±6.11 88.72±2.76 96.01±1.70 89.82±7.70
Unigram model 3 95.35±1.03 95.22±0.79 78.82±1.06 80.06±6.11 88.99±2.83 95.99±1.52 89.82±7.70
Bigram (sup) 97.50±0.93 97.04±0.86 64.55±1.33 97.03±1.75
CG→Unigram model 1 95.82±1.06 96.30±0.68 79.92±0.95 80.56±6.70 91.25±2.01 97.42±1.76 90.00±6.99
CG→Unigram model 2 95.58±1.07 95.89±0.59 80.51±0.95 82.06±6.50 91.33±2.15 97.70±1.32 89.97±7.50
CG→Unigram model 3 95.56±1.05 95.86±0.60 80.46±0.99 82.06±6.50 91.43±2.26 97.69±1.28 89.97±7.50
CG→Bigram (sup) 97.51±1.21 96.45±0.93 76.70±1.46 97.78±1.52

In the following table, the intervals represent the [low, high] values from 10-fold cross validation.

Language Corpus System
Sent Tok Amb 1st CG+1st Unigram CG+Unigram apertium-tagger CG+apertium-tagger
Catalan 1,413 24,144 ? 81.85 83.96 [75.65, 78.46] [87.76, 90.48] [94.16, 96.28] [93.92, 96.16]
Spanish 1,271 21,247 ? 86.18 86.71 [78.20, 80.06] [87.72, 90.27] [90.15, 94.86] [91.84, 93.70]
Serbo-Croatian 1,190 20,128 ? 75.22 79.67 [75.36, 78.79] [75.36, 77.28]
Russian 451 10,171 ? 75.63 79.52 [70.49, 72.94] [74.68, 78.65] n/a n/a
Kazakh 403 4,348 ? 80.79 86.19 [84.36, 87.79] [85.56, 88.72] n/a n/a
Portuguese 119 3,823 ? 72.54 87.34 [77.10, 87.72] [84.05, 91.96]
Swedish 11 239 ? 72.90 73.86 [56.00, 82.97]

Sent = sentences, Tok = tokens, Amb = average ambiguity from the morphological analyser

Systems

  • 1st: Selects the first analysis from the morphological analyser
  • CG: Uses the CG (from the monolingual language package in languages) to preprocess the input.
  • Unigram: Lexicalised unigram tagger
  • apertium-tagger: Uses the bigram HMM tagger included with Apertium.

Corpora

The tagged corpora used in the experiments are found in the monolingual packages in languages, under the texts/ subdirectory.

Todo