Dravidian languages
The Dravidian languages (dra) constitute a language family of about 70 languages spoken primarily in South Asia. The four most populous Dravidian languages, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam, are recognized by the Constitution of India and encompass a significant portion of the over 215 million Dravidian speakers.
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
Status
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Dravidian languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
Transducers
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".
| name | language | native name | ISO 639 | formalism | state | stems | paradigms | coverage | location | primary authors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -3 | ||||||||||
apertium-mal
|
Malayalam | മലയാളം | ml
|
mal
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | prototype | 14313 | - | apertium-mal (incubator) | Tachyons, Francis Tyers | |
apertium-tel
|
Telugu | తెలుగు | te
|
tel
|
lttoolbox | prototype | apertium-tel (incubator) | kvsprasad | |||
Existing language pairs
Text in italics denotes language pairs in the incubator. Regular text denotes a developing language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk and text in bold and italics denotes a pair in staging. Bidix stems as counted with dixcounter are displayed below.
| tel | mal | |
|---|---|---|
| tel | - | |
| mal | - | |
| eng | eng-tel 1 |
mal-eng 9,095 |
Dravidian languages by subgroup
The Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Most scholars agree on four groups: North, Central (Kolami–Parji), South-Central (Telugu–Kui) and South Dravidian:
- Central (Kolami–Parji) languages
- Kolami-Naiki languages (Kolami)
- Parji-Gadaba languages (Duruwa, Gadaba)
- Northern languages (Brahui, Kurux, Sauria)
- Southern (Tamil–Tulu) languages
- South-Central (Telugu-Kui) languages
- Gondi-Kui languages (Gondi, Konda-Kui)
- Telugu languages (Telugu, Savara, Chenchu)
Samples
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
| Language | Text |
|---|---|
| Kannada | ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮಾನವರೂ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರರಾಗಿಯೇ ಜನಿಸಿದ್ಧಾರೆ. ಹಾಗೂ ಘನತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಾನರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ವಿವೇಕ ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತಃಕರಣ ಗಳನ್ನು ಪದೆದವರಾದ್ದ ರಿಂದ ಅವರು ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಸಹೋದರ ಭಾವದಿಂದ ವರ್ತಿಸಚೀಕು. |
| Malayalam | മനുഷ്യരെല്ലാവരും തുല്യാവകാശങ്ങളോടും അന്തസ്സോടും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തോടുംകൂടി ജനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളവരാണ്. അന്യോന്യം ഭ്രാതൃഭാവത്തോടെ പെരുമാറുവാനാണ് മനുഷ്യന്നു വിവേകബുദ്ധിയും മനസ്സാക്ഷിയും സിദ്ധമായിരിക്കുന്നത്. |
| Tamil | மனிதப் பிறிவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர் ; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனச்சாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும். |
Vulnerability
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Dravidian languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.
| Language | ISO639-3 | Location | Speakers | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnologue | UNESCO | ||||
| Nagarchal | nbg
|
India | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
| Urali | url
|
India | 6,440 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
| Ullatan | ull
|
India | 16,700 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
| Malaryan | mjq
|
India | 35,000 | 9 (Dormant) | - |
| Bellari | brw
|
India | 1,000 | 7 (Shifting) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Manna-Dora | mju
|
India | 30,000 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
| Bazigar | bfr
|
India | 58,200 | 7 (Shifting) | - |
| Vishavan | vis
|
India | 150 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Aranadan | aaf
|
India | 200 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Allar | all
|
India | 350 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Kadar | kej
|
India | 1,960 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Thachanadan | thn
|
India | 3,000 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Mannan | mjv
|
India | 7,850 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Kumbaran | wkb
|
India | 10,000 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Malavedan | mjr
|
India | 12,600 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Koraga, Korra | kfd
|
India | 14,000 | 6b (Threatened) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Kurux, Nepali | kxl
|
Nepal | 28,600 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Kurichiya | kfh
|
India | 29,400 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Pardhan | pch
|
India | 135,000 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Kui | kxu
|
India | 916,000 | 6b (Threatened) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Koraga, Mudu | vmd
|
India | - | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Holiya | hoy
|
India | 500 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kalanadi | wkl
|
India | 750 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kunduvadi | wku
|
India | 1,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Pathiya | pty
|
India | 1,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Mala Malasar | ima
|
India | 1,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Toda | tcx
|
India | 1,560 | 6a (Vigorous) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Kurumba, Alu | xua
|
India | 2,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kudiya | kfg
|
India | 2,800 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Manda | mha
|
India | 4,040 | 6a (Vigorous) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Eravallan | era
|
India | 5,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Malapandaram | mjp
|
India | 5,850 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Malasar | ymr
|
India | 7,760 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Paliyan | pcf
|
India | 9,520 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kolami, Southeastern | nit
|
India | 10,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Kumarbhag Paharia | kmj
|
India | 12,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar | gdb
|
India | 15,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Malankuravan | mjo
|
India | 18,600 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kanikkaran | kev
|
India | 19,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kaikadi | kep
|
India | 23,700 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Sholaga | sle
|
India | 24,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Chenchu | cde
|
India | 26,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kurumba, Mullu | kpb
|
India | 26,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Mukha-Dora | mmk
|
India | 29,700 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Khirwar | kwx
|
India | 34,300 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kamar | keq
|
India | 40,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Duruwa | pci
|
India | 51,200 | 6a (Vigorous) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Maria | mrr
|
India | 165,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Waddar | wbq
|
India | 172,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Bharia | bha
|
India | 197,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Maria, Dandami | daq
|
India | 200,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Muria, Eastern | emu
|
India | 200,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Savara | svr
|
India | 253,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Pengo | peg
|
India | 350,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Muria, Far Western | fmu
|
India | 400,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Muria, Western | mut
|
India | 400,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | - |
| Kota | kfe
|
India | 930 | 5 (Developing) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Kurumba, Attapady | pkr
|
India | 1,370 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Muduga | udg
|
India | 3,370 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Chetti, Wayanad | ctt
|
India | 5,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Gadaba, Mudhili | gau
|
India | 8,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Muthuvan | muv
|
India | 16,800 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Konda-Dora | kfc
|
India | 20,000 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Ravula | yea
|
India | 26,900 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Kurumba, Betta | xub
|
India | 32,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Kurumba, Jennu | xuj
|
India | 35,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Sauria Paharia | mjt
|
India | 61,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Yerukula | yeu
|
India | 69,500 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Paniya | pcg
|
India | 94,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Gondi, Southern | ggo
|
India | 100,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Kolami, Northwestern | kfb
|
India | 122,000 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Badaga | bfq
|
India | 135,000 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Kuvi | kxv
|
India | 158,000 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Kurumba, Kannada | kfi
|
India | 180,000 | 5 (Developing) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Kodava | kfa
|
India | 200,000 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Irula | iru
|
India | 200,000 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Koya | kff
|
India | 362,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Tulu | tcy
|
India | 1,720,000 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Kurux | kru
|
India & Bangladesh | 1,944,200 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Gondi, Northern | gno
|
India | 1,950,000 | 5 (Developing) | - |
| Brahui | brh
|
Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan | 4,220,000 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Malayalam | mal
|
India | 33,534,600 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
| Kannada | kan
|
India | 37,739,040 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
| Tamil | tam
|
India | 68,763,360 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
| Telugu | tel
|
India | 74,049,000 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Dravidian languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
