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This page lists the symbols in Apertium used to denote part-of-speech and further morphological features, as well as chunk tags used for more syntactic functions, as well as XML tags.
This is meant to be a glossary of symbol names in alphabetical order with notes. Some of these names are specific to particular packages or language pairs, as not all languages have the same grammatical features (most don't have spatial distinction in articles for example).
If you were wondering what the symbols #, /, @, +, ~ or * mean, read Apertium stream format.
Part-of-speech Categories
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
n |
Noun |
see 'np' for proper noun
|
vblex |
Standard ("lexical") verb |
see also: vbser, vbhaver, vbmod, vaux
|
v |
Standard verb |
shortened form of vblex, often used in agglutinative languages
|
vbmod |
Modal verb |
|
vbser |
Verb "to be" |
from ser (to be)
|
vbhaver |
Verb "to have" |
from haver (to have)
|
vaux |
Auxiliary verb |
wikipedia
|
cop |
Copula |
wikipedia; sometimes verb-like, sometimes not
|
adj |
Adjective |
|
post |
Postposition |
|
adv |
Adverb |
|
preadv |
Pre-adverb |
|
postadv |
Post-adverb |
|
mod |
Modal word |
[1]
|
det |
Determiner |
wikipedia
|
prn |
Pronoun |
wikipedia
|
pr |
Preposition |
wikipedia
|
num |
Numeral |
|
np |
Proper noun |
From nom propi wikipedia
|
ij |
Interjection |
wikipedia
|
cnjcoo |
Co-ordinating conjunction |
wikipedia
|
cnjsub |
Sub-ordinating conjunction |
|
cnjadv |
Conjunctive adverb |
wikipedia
|
sent |
Sentence-ending punctuation |
e.g. full stop, question mark
|
cm |
Comma punctuation |
,
|
lquot |
Left quote |
«
|
rquot |
Right quote |
»
|
lpar |
Left parenthesis |
(
|
rpar |
Right parenthesis |
)
|
Part-of-speech Sub-categories
Gender
These tags are usually used with nouns, and things that agree/concord with nouns (like adjectives and verbs).
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
f |
Feminine |
|
m |
Masculine |
|
nt |
Neuter |
|
ma |
Masculine (animate) |
Mostly in Slavic languages
|
mi |
Masculine (inanimate) |
Mostly in Slavic languages
|
mp |
Masculine (personal) |
in Polish
|
mn |
Masculine or neuter |
|
fn |
Feminine or neuter |
|
mf |
Masculine or feminine |
This is used where the gender can be either masculine or feminine
|
mfn |
Masculine , feminine , neuter |
This is used where the gender can be either masculine, feminine or neuter
|
ut |
Common |
From utrum, found in Scandinavian languages.
|
un |
Common or neuter |
As above, only common or neuter
|
GD |
Gender to be determined |
|
Count/Mass
These tags are usually used with nouns, and things that agree/concord with nouns (like adjectives and verbs).
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
cnt |
Countable |
|
unc |
Uncountable (mass) |
|
Animacy
These tags are usually used with nouns, and things that agree/concord with nouns (like adjectives and verbs).
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
aa |
Animate |
|
an |
Animate or inanimate |
|
nn |
Inanimate |
|
Adjectives
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
sint |
Synthetic |
"nice, nicer, nicest" is synthetic. "handsome, more handsome, the most handsome" is not. wikipedia
|
preadj |
Pre-adjective |
for languages where most of adjectives are after the noun (ex: French in eo->fr bidix)
|
preadj_nh |
Pre-adjective if not human |
according to the noun, the adjective is before or after
|
Pronoun types
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
pers |
Personal |
|
tn |
Tónico |
|
detnt |
Neuter determiner |
POS?
|
predet |
Pre determiner |
POS?
|
atn |
Atónico |
|
qnt |
Quantifier |
|
ord |
Ordinal |
|
obj |
Object |
|
subj |
Subject |
|
pro |
Proclitic |
|
enc |
Enclitic |
|
acr |
Acronym |
Not Pronuon?
|
rel |
Relative |
|
ind |
Indefinite |
|
itg |
Interrogative |
|
dem |
Demonstrative |
|
def |
Definite |
|
pos |
Possessive |
|
ref |
Reflexive |
|
prx |
Proximate |
|
dst |
Distal |
|
Transitivity
Used for verbs.
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
tv |
Transitive |
takes direct object in accusative case (used in Turkic)
|
iv |
Intransitive |
does not take direct object in accusative case (used in Turkic)
|
TD |
Transitivity to be determined |
if the sub-category is [currently] unknown
|
Inflectional morphology
Number
Note: number can be a sub-category tag too, e.g. with pronouns.
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
sg |
Singular |
|
pl |
Plural |
|
sp |
Singular or plural |
|
du |
Dual |
|
ct |
Count |
see mk-bg
|
coll |
Collective |
|
ND |
Number to be determined |
|
Case
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
nom |
Nominative |
|
acc |
Accusative |
|
dat |
Dative |
|
gen |
Genitive |
|
dg |
Dative and Genitive |
in ro-es, discouraged in new developments
|
voc |
Vocative |
|
abl |
Ablative |
wikipedia
|
ins |
Instrumental or Instructive |
wikipedia
|
loc |
Locative |
wikipedia
|
prp |
Prepositional |
wikipedia
|
tra |
Translative |
|
ill |
Illative |
|
ine |
Inessive |
|
ade |
Adessive |
|
all |
Allative |
|
abe |
Abessive |
|
ess |
Essive |
|
par |
Partitive |
|
dis |
Distributive |
|
com |
Comitative |
|
soc |
Sociative |
|
prl |
Prolative |
|
Voice
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
actv |
Active voice |
|
pass |
Passive voice |
is more used in Turkic.
|
pasv |
Passive voice |
is more used in Germanic.
|
midv |
Middle voice |
|
nactv |
Non-active voice |
See Albanian.
|
caus |
Causative voice |
see also #Derivations
|
Tense and mode
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
pres |
Present |
|
pret |
Preterite |
|
past |
Past |
|
imp |
Imperative |
|
inf |
Infinitive |
|
aor |
Aorist |
A tense in Turkic languages. wikipedia
|
pp |
Past participle |
wikipedia
|
pp2 |
Past participle (???) |
It's at least used in the Esperanto dictionaries for future active participles, ont (seems quite odd)
|
pp3 |
Past participle (???) |
It's at least used in the Esperanto dictionaries for past active participles, int (seems quite odd)
|
pprs |
Present participle |
Also appears as ppres (deprecated)
|
ger |
Gerund |
wikipedia
|
supn |
Supine |
wikipedia
|
pri |
Present indicative |
see also: pres. wikipedia
|
pii |
Imperfect |
from Pretério imperfecto de indicativo
|
fti |
Future indicative |
|
fts |
Future subjunctive |
|
cni |
Conditional |
|
plu |
Pluperfect |
In cy-en
|
pmp |
Pluperfect |
In es-gl (from Pluscamperfecto)
|
prs |
Present subjunctive |
wikipedia
|
pis |
Imperfect subjunctive |
|
ifi |
Past definite |
from Pretério perfecto o indefinido
|
aff |
Affirmative |
|
itg |
Interrogative |
|
neg |
Negative |
|
lp |
L-participle |
|
Person
Note: person can be a sub-category tag, e.g. with pronouns.
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
p1 |
First person |
|
p2 |
Second person |
|
p3 |
Third person |
|
impers |
Impersonal |
Sometimes called 'autonomous'
|
Derivations
Possession
Object marking
e.g. in verbs with both
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
o_sg1 |
First person singular object |
|
o_sg2 |
Second person singular object |
|
o_sg3 |
Third person singular object |
|
o_pl1 |
First person plural object |
|
o_pl2 |
Second person plural object |
|
o_pl3 |
Third person plural object |
|
Proper nouns
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
ant |
Anthroponym |
wikipedia
|
top |
Toponym |
In some language pairs without the locative case this may be loc. Although this should be changed. wikipedia
|
hyd |
Hydronym |
wikipedia
|
cog |
Cognomen |
In normal use, surnames
|
org |
Organisation |
|
al |
Altres |
Other, misc.
|
Adjectives
Others
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
web |
Links and Emails |
|
See also
Chunk tags
| Tag |
Description
|
<SN> |
Noun phrase / noun group (sintagma nominal)
|
<SA> |
Adjective phrase / adjective group
|
<SV> |
Verb phrase / verb group (sintagma verbal)
|
XML tags
Note: All XML tags are explained in depth in the PDF documentation, see also the dix.dtd and dix.rng files in the GitHub repository.
| XML tag |
Means |
Appears in XML tags / notes / examples
|
<dictionary> |
Mono- or bilingual dictionary |
In files apertium-eo-en.en.dix, apertium-eo-en.eo-en.dix, apertium-eo-en.post-en.dix, apertium-eo-en.post-eo.dix
|
<alphabet> |
Set of characters in the language |
In <dictionary>
|
<sdefs> |
Symbol definitions |
In <dictionary>
|
<sdef> |
Symbol definition |
In <sdefs>. Ex: <sdef n="noun"/>
|
<pardefs> |
Paradigm definitions |
In <dictionary>.
|
<pardef> |
Paradigm definition |
In <pardefs>.
|
<section> |
A section of the dictionary |
In <dictionary>. Ex: <section id="main" type="standard">
|
<e> |
A dictionary entry (a word) |
In <section> and in <pardef>.
|
<i> |
Invariant (left and right side) |
In <e>. Ex.: <i>beer</i>
|
<p> |
A pair |
In <e>.
|
<l> |
Left side (surface form) |
In <p>. Ex.: <l>beer</l>
|
<r> |
Right side (lexical unit) |
In <p>. Ex.: <r>beer<s n="noun"/><s n="singular"/></r>
|
<s> |
A lexical symbol (noun, adj..) |
In <r>, <l> and <i>. Ex.: <s n="noun"/>
|
<a> |
Post-generator wake-up mark |
In <r>, <l> and <i>. Ex.: <l><a/>a<s ... (for the a/an rule in English)
|
<b> |
Blank space |
In <r>, <l> and <i>. Ex.: <l>you're<b/>welcome<s ...
|
TODO: Probably there are more. --Jacob Nordfalk 14:47, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
Other tags:
<j/> (in stream format #) is to mark multiwords
<t/> and <v/> are only in crossdix
t = template, v = variable
t matches any single tag, v is like + in regexes (0 or more)
<sa/> and <prm/> are only used in metadixes.
'sa' lets you add n optional extra tag, prm is an extra string for the paradigm
Transfer
<clip> tag
See the documentation (pdf), p.144 for more information.
| XML attribute value |
Means |
Appears in attribute |
Notes
|
whole |
lemma and grammatical symbols |
part
|
lem |
lemma |
part
|
lemh |
(inflected) head word of multiword |
part
|
lemq |
following queue of multiword |
part
|
See also
