Languages of the Caucasus
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The Caucasus is home to a number of languages and language families. The term "Languages of the Caucasus" is mostly a geographic grouping and does not imply anything about the relatedness of the languages or even their similarity (due to processes like language contact). A division may be made between North Caucasus languages and South Caucasus languages. North Caucasus languages include Kumyk, Nogay, Karachay-Balkar, Avar, Chechen, Kabardian, Lak, Lezgian, Ossetian, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Ingushetian, etc., while South Caucasus languages include Georgian, Azeri, and Armenian.
Status[edit]
kum, nog, krc, ava, che, oss, abk, ady, inh, kbd, lbe, lez, kat, aze, hye
Transducers[edit]
| name | Language | native name | ISO 639 | formalism | state | stems | coverage | location | primary authors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -3 | |||||||||
apertium-kum
|
Kumyk | къумукъ тил | -
|
kum
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | working | 4,918 | ~90.2% | apertium-kum (languages) | Fran, Jonathan |
apertium-ava
|
Avar | Магӏарул мацӏ | -
|
ava
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 4,904 | ~86.5% | apertium-ava (languages) | Fran, |
apertium-nog
|
Nogay | Ногай тили | -
|
nog
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 1,385 | ~81.4% | apertium-nog (languages) | Fran, Jonathan |
apertium-hye
|
Armenian | -
|
hye
|
HFST (lexc+twol) | development | 8,247 | ~63.5% | apertium-hye (languages) | Fran, | |
apertium-oss
|
Ossetian | os
|
oss
|
lttoolbox | development | 111 | ~17% | apertium-oss (incubator) | ||
apertium-aze
|
Azerbaijani | Azərbaycan dili | az
|
aze
|
SFST | not known to work | apertium-tur-aze (staging) | Gianluca | ||
Languages by family[edit]
- Turkic: Kumyk, Nogay, Azerbaijani
- Daghestani: Avar, Chechen, Ingush, Lak, Lezgian
- Indo-European: Armenian, Ossetian
- Kartvelian: Georgian
- North-West Caucasian: Abkhaz, Adyghe
Existing language pairs[edit]
| kum | nog | krc | ava | che | oss | abk | ady | inh | kat | aze | hye | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kum | - | |||||||||||
| nog | - | |||||||||||
| krc | - | |||||||||||
| ava | - | |||||||||||
| che | - | |||||||||||
| oss | - | |||||||||||
| abk | - | |||||||||||
| ady | - | |||||||||||
| inh | - | |||||||||||
| kat | - | |||||||||||
| aze | - | |||||||||||
| hye | - | |||||||||||
| eng | hye-eng 12,218 | |||||||||||
| kaz | kaz-kum 561 |
nog-kaz 9 |
||||||||||
| rus | ava-rus 5,509 |
|||||||||||
| tur | tur-aze 8,194 |
Endangerment[edit]
| Language | ISO639-3 | Location | Speakers | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnologue | UNESCO | ||||
| Nogay | nog
|
Russian Federation | 87,410 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Kumyk | kum
|
Russian Federation | 426,550 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Ossetic | oss
|
Georgia, Russian Federation | 577,450 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Kabardian | kbd
|
Russian Federation, Turkey | 1,628,500 | 5 (Developing) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Lak | lbe
|
Russian Federation | 153,170 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Karachay-Balkar | krc
|
Russian Federation | 310,730 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Ingush | inh
|
Russian Federation | 322,900 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Avar | ava
|
Russian Federation | 761,960 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Lezgi | lez
|
Azerbaijan, Russian Federation | 788,720 | 4 (Educational) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Abkhaz | abk
|
Georgia, Russian Federation, Turkey | 112,740 | 2 (Provincial) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Adyghe | ady
|
Iraq, Israel, Jordan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Russian Federation, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey | 491,800 | 2 (Provincial) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Chechen | che
|
Russian Federation | 1,361,000 | 2 (Provincial) | 1 (Vulnerable) |
| Georgian | kat
|
Georgia | 4,237,710 | 1 (National) | - |
| Armenian | hye
|
Armenia & Georgia, Russian Federation | 5,924,320 | 1 (National) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Azerbaijani, Northern | azj
|
Azerbaijan | 7,324,270 | 1 (National) | - |
Examples[edit]
| Language | Text |
|---|---|
| Ossetian | Адӕймӕгтӕ се' ппӕт дӕр райгуырынц сӕрибарӕй ӕмӕ ӕмхуызонӕй сӕ барты. Уыдон ӕххӕст сты зонд ӕмӕ намысӕй, ӕмӕ кӕрӕдзийӕн хъуамӕ уой ӕфсымӕрты хуызӕн. |
| Abkhaz | Дарбанзаалак ауаҩы дшоуп ихы дақәиҭны. Ауаа зегь зинлеи патулеи еиҟароуп. Урҭ ирымоуп ахшыҩи аламыси, дара дарагь аешьеи аешьеи реиҧш еизыҟазароуп. |
| Georgian | ყველა ადამიანი იბადება თავისუფალი და თანასწორი თავისი ღირსებითა და უფლებებით. მათ მინიჭებული აქვთ გონება და სინდისი და ერთმანეთის მიმართ უნდა იქცეოდნენ ძმობის სულისკვეთებით. |
| Armenian | Բոլոր մարդիկ ծնվում են ազատ ու հավասար իրենց արժանապատվությամբ ու իրավունքներով։ Նրանք ունեն բանականություն ու խիղճ և միմյանց պետք է եղբայրաբար վերաբերվեն։ |
