English and Spanish/Contrastive grammar

NOUNS

Unlike English, nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine. The definite and indefinite articles that precede a noun change according to the gender and quantity of the noun.

Definite Articles (the)

• (es) El muro (masculine, singular) → The wall
• (es) Los Muros (masculine, plural) → The walls
• (es) La manzana (feminine, singular) → The apple
• (es) Las manzanas (feminine, plural) → The apples

Indefinite Articles (a/an/some)

• (es) Un muro (masculine, singular) → A wall
• (es) Unos Muros (masculine, plural) → Some walls
• (es) Una manzana (feminine, singular) → An apple
• (es) Unas manzanas (feminine, plural) → Some apples

ADJECTIVES

In Spanish, adjective usually succeeds a noun. Their suffixes changes in agreement to the noun’s gender and quantity. Below are the literal translations of adjectives that follow this rule.

• (es) El muchacho perezoso (masculine, singular) → The man lazy
• (es) Los muchachos perezosos (masculine, plural) → The men lazy
• (es) La muchacha perezosa (feminine, singular) → The woman lazy
• (es) Las muchachas perezosas (feminine, plural) → The women lazy

However, there are exceptions where an adjective precedes a noun. These adjectives are usually for emphasis of an essential quality.

• (es) La dulce miel es deliciosa en pan tostado. → The sweet honey is delicious on toast bread.
• (es) El valiente león protege su territorio. → The brave lion protects its territory.

VERBS

In Spanish, verbs are conjugated according to the subject. Below are examples of the present tense conjugation of the two languages.

ES — EN

Ir — To walk Yo voy — I walk Tu vas — You walk El/ella/usted va — He/She/You(formal, singular) walks Nosotros(as) vamos — We walk Vosotros(as) vaís — You(formal, plural) walk Ello/Ella/Ustedes van — They walk

Comer — To eat Yo como — I eat Tu comes — You eat El/ella/usted come — He/She/You(formal, singular) eats Nosotros(as) comemos — We eat Vosotros(as) comeís — You(formal, plural) eat Ello/Ella/Ustedes comen — They eat

In Spanish, subject pronouns can be dropped as the suffixes of the verbs make the subject understood. -(es) Como pan: (I) eat bread. -(es) Tenemos dinero: (We) have money. -(es) Estás en la escuela: (You) are in school.

PUNCTUATION

Spanish has two unique punctuation marks, the inverted question mark (¿) and the inverted exclamation mark (¡). These question marks are usually inserted at the beginning of a sentence to indicate that the sentence is interrogative/exclamatory in nature.

-(es) ¿Cómo está usted?: How are you? -(es) ¿Dondé están los alumnos?: Where are the students? -(es) ¿Cuales son los animales más grande en el mundo?: What are the biggest animals in the world? -(es) ¡Qué linda!: How lovely! -(es) ¡Dime por favor!: Talk to me please! -(es) ¡Ya estoy enfermo, profesor!: I’m already sick, teacher!

INTERROGATION

In Spanish interrogative sentences, the order of the verb and the subject is reversed.

Literal Translation -(es) ¿Tomó usted el almuerzo?: Took you the lunch? (Did you take lunch?) -(es) ¿Comemos nosotros los tacos?: Eat we the tacos? (Do we eat the tacos?) -(es) ¿Tenemos ellos las paraguas?: Have they the umbrellas? (Do they have umbrellas?)

In English interrogative sentences, The sentence order is usually in this format: do/does/did + Subject + Verb + rest of the sentence -(en) Do you have a moment? -(en) Did you watch “Cory in the House” last night?

Sometimes, the do/does/did that precedes the subject is replaced by modal verbs(can, could, should etc…) -(en) Can you stop being so ignorant? -(en) Should we make paella for dinner tonight?

OBJECT PRONOUNS

In Spanish, objects in a sentence can be replaced by direct or indirect object pronouns to avoid repetition.

Direct object pronoun usually replaces an inanimate object -(es) Tengo una pluma verde. Yo la quiero: (I) have a green pen. I love (it) -(es) Ella compró una taza. Ella la rompió: She Bought a cup. She broke (it)

Indirect object pronoun usually replaces a person -(es) Él me da un vaso de jugo de naranja: He gives (me) a glass of orange juice. -(es) Yo les compra los chocolates: I buy (them) chocolates. -(es) Juan nos compra un regalo: Juan buys (us) a gift.