Uralic languages
The Uralic languages (urj) constitute a language family of some three dozen related languages descended from a Proto-Uralic language and spoken by more than 25 million people throughout Europe and Northern Asia. Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian are the Uralic languages with the most native speakers.
The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.
Status
The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Uralic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.
Transducers
Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".
Uralic languages by subgroup
All Uralic languages are thought to have descended, through independent processes of language change, from Proto-Uralic. The traditional classification is as follows:
- Samoyedic languages
- Finno-Ugric → Ugric (Ugrian)
- Finno-Ugric → Finno-Permic (Permian-Finnic)
- Permic languages: Komi (Komi-Zyrian, Komi-Permyak), Udmurt
- Finno-Volgaic languages (Finno-Cheremisic, Finno-Mari)
- Mari: Meadow Mari, Hill Mari
- Mordvinic languages: Erzya
- Finno-Lappic languages (Finno-Saamic, Finno-Samic)
- Sami languages: Northern Sami, Southern Sami, Inari Sami, Lule Sami
- Finnic languages: Finnish, Estonian, Võro, Kven, Livonian
Existing language pairs
Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk.
| hun | fin | fkv | liv | olo | mrj | myv | udm | kpv | sme | sma | mhr | est | smj | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hun | - | fin-hun |
||||||||||||
| fin | fin-hun |
- | fkv-fin |
liv-fin |
olo-fin |
mrj-fin |
myv-fin |
fin-udm |
kpv-fin |
sme-fin |
fin-est |
|||
| fkv | fkv-fin |
- | ||||||||||||
| liv | liv-fin |
- | ||||||||||||
| olo | olo-fin |
- | ||||||||||||
| mrj | mrj-fin |
- | ||||||||||||
| myv | myv-fin |
- | ||||||||||||
| udm | fin-udm |
- | ||||||||||||
| kpv | kpv-fin |
- | kpv-mhr |
|||||||||||
| sme | sme-fin |
- | sme-sma |
sme-smj | ||||||||||
| sma | sme-sma |
- | ||||||||||||
| mhr | kpv-mhr |
- | ||||||||||||
| est | fin-est |
- | ||||||||||||
| smj | sme-smj |
- | ||||||||||||
| deu | sme-deu |
|||||||||||||
| eng | hun-eng |
fin-eng |
||||||||||||
| epo | eo-hu |
eo-fi |
||||||||||||
| eus | eu-hu |
eus-sme |
||||||||||||
| nob | sme-nob |
|||||||||||||
| rus | udm-rus |
|||||||||||||
| spa | fin-spa |
sme-spa |
||||||||||||
| isl | fin-isl |
|||||||||||||
| gle | fin-gle |
|||||||||||||
| swe | fin-swe |
|||||||||||||
| deu | fin-deu |
|||||||||||||
| ces | fin-ces |
|||||||||||||
| hbs | fin-hbs |
Samples
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
| Language | Text |
|---|---|
| Finnish | Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä. |
| Saami, Northern | Buot olbmot leat riegádan friddjan ja olmmošárvvu ja olmmošvuoigatvuoðaid dáfus dássásažžab, Sudhuude kea addib huervnu ha ianedivdym ha vyigjat gakget neabbydut gyunnuudeaset gyivdy vuekhakaš vuoiŋŋain. |
| Hungarian | Minden. emberi lény szabadon születik és egyenlő méltósága és joga van. Az emberek, ésszel és lelkiismerettel bírván, egymással szemben testvéri szellemben kell hogy viseltessenek. |
| Estonian | Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim. |
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Uralic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
Vulnerability
This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Uralic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.
| Language | ISO639-3 | Location | Speakers | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnologue | UNESCO | ||||
| Kamas | xas
|
Russian Federation | 0 | 10 (Extinct) | - |
| Saami, Akkala | sia
|
Russian Federation | 0 | 9 (Dormant) | 5 (Extinct) |
| Liv | liv
|
Latvia | 15 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Saami, Ume | sju
|
Sweden | 20 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Saami, Pite | sje
|
Norway, Sweden | 20 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Enets, Forest | enf
|
Russian Federation | 40 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Enets, Tundra | enh
|
Russian Federation | 40 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Vod | vot
|
Russian Federation | 68 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Ingrian | izh
|
Russian Federation | 120 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Nganasan | nio
|
Russian Federation | 130 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Saami, Kildin | sjd
|
Russian Federation | 350 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Saami, Ter | sjt
|
Russian Federation | 350 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Ludian | lud
|
Russian Federation | 25,600 | 8a (Moribund) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Saami, Skolt | sms
|
Finland, Norway, Russian Federation | 650 | 7 (Shifting) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Mansi | mns
|
Russian Federation | 940 | 6b (Threatened) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Veps | vep
|
Russian Federation | 3,610 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Khanty | kca
|
Russian Federation | 9,580 | 6b (Threatened) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Nenets | yrk
|
Russian Federation | 21,900 | 6b (Threatened) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Livvi-Karelian | olo
|
Finland, Russian Federation | 25,600 | 6b (Threatened) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Võro | vro
|
Estonia | 60,000 | 6b (Threatened) | - |
| Selkup | sel
|
Russian Federation | 1,020 | 5 (Developing) | 4 (Critically endangered) |
| Komi-Permyak | koi
|
Russian Federation | 63,100 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Komi-Zyrian | kpv
|
Russian Federation | 156,000 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Udmurt | udm
|
Russian Federation | 339,800 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Mari, Hill | mrj
|
Russian Federation | 388,000 | 5 (Developing) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Erzya | myv
|
Russian Federation | 431,700 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Moksha | mdf
|
Russian Federation | 432,000 | 5 (Developing) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Finnish, Kven | fkv
|
Norway | 5,000 | 4 (Educational) | - |
| Karelian | krl
|
Finland, Russian Federation | 25,600 | 4 (Educational) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Mari, Meadow | mhr
|
Russian Federation | 388,000 | 4 (Educational) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Saami, Inari | smn
|
Finland | 300 | 2 (Provincial) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Saami, South | sma
|
Norway, Sweden | 600 | 2 (Provincial) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Saami, Lule | smj
|
Norway, Sweden | 2,000 | 2 (Provincial) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
| Saami, North | sme
|
Finland, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden | 20,700 | 2 (Provincial) | 2 (Definitely endangered) |
| Finnish, Tornedalen | fit
|
Sweden | 60,000 | 2 (Provincial) | - |
| Estonian, Standard | ekk
|
Estonia | 1,018,400 | 1 (National) | - |
| Finnish | fin
|
Finland | 4,994,490 | 1 (National) | - |
| Hungarian | hun
|
Hungary & Romania | 12,319,330 | 1 (National) | 3 (Severely endangered) |
