Morphology of Kyrgyz language

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Noun morphology

Missing rules
  1. "атым" works, "балам" doesn't
    1. Rule: delete ы after %> and before м
    2. ы:0 <=> %> _ м ;
  2. "балабыз" works, "атыбыз" doesn't
    1. Rule: delete ы after %> and before быз
    2. ы:0 <=> %> _ быз ;
  3. "бала+ңыз" works, "атыңыз" doesn't
    1. Rule: delete ы after %> and before ңыз
    2. ы:0 <=> %> _ ңыз ;
  4. уул<n><px1sg><dat> --> уулумга doesn't works
    1. Rule: delete г after м and ң
    2. This rule is same for px1sg,px2sg,px3sg
  5. үй<n><px1sg><dat> --> үйүмга doesn't works
    1. Rule1: delete г after м and ң
    2. Rule2: change end vowel according to previous vowel
  6. китеп<n><px1sg><acc> --> китебимды doesn't works
    1. Rule: last vowel ы should harmonized
  7. Vowel harmony in ablative case
    1. Rule : {D}{A}н, {А} must be harmonized according to previous vowel.
    2. Ex , The output now is : короо<n><px1sg><abl>/короомдан but must be короомдон
  8. Desonorisation of {D} in ablative
    1. Rule : {D} must be desonorized into н if the previous letter is {I}
    2. Ex,The output now is : мал<n><px3sg><abl>/малыдан but must be малынан
  9. Desonorisation of {D} in plural
    1. Rule : {D} must be desonorized into л, the rule must be figured out and checked. !Not completely Sure
    2. Ex, The output now is :ай<n><pl><nom>/айдар but must be айлар
  10. Addition of н before locative suffix
    1. Ex, The output now is : мал<n><px3sg><loc>/малыда but must be малы+н+да
  11. Vowel harmony in locative suffixes
    1. Ex, The output now is : көчө<n><px2sg><loc>/көчөңда but must be көчөңдө
  12. Vowel harmony in dative suffixes
    1. Ex, The output now is : эже<n><px2sg><dat>/эжеңа but must be эжеңе
  13. Addition of н after {I} in in locative suffixes
    1. Ex,The output now is :шаар<n><px><loc>/шаардыкыда but must be шаардыкында
  14. Deletion of ы after (px3sg,px3pl)3rd person singular,plural and after (px)general possessive in accusative suffixes
    1. Ex,The output now is эл<n><px3pl><acc>/элдерины but must be элдерин

мал<n><px><acc>/малдыкыны but must be малдыкын


  • These should all really be rules to epenthesise/insert /I/ (ы, и, у, ү) after a consonant before these endings.

Noun Person,Possessives

() = after vowel, [] = after consonant, {} = archivowel/consonant 

({I})м,                1sg
({I})ң,                2sg informal
({I})ң{I}з,            2sg formal 
[с]{I},                3sg 
({I})б{I}з,            1pl
({I})ң{A}р,            2pl informal
({I})ң{I}зд{A}р,       2pl formal
[с]{I}                 3pl

1st Person Possessives

Singular/Plural Suffix Example Gloss
Singular -ым becomes-м if ends with vowel ат+ым,бала+м my horse, my son
Plural -ыбыз become -быз if ends with vowel ат+ыбыз,бала+быз our horse, our son

2nd Person Possessive

Singular/Plural Suffix Example Gloss
Singular -ың becomes -ң if ends with vowel,-ыңыз becomes -ңыз if ends with vowel ат+ың,бала+ң,ат+ыңыз,бала+ңыз your horse, your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way)
Plural -ыңар becomes -ңар if ends with vowel,-ыңыздар becomes -ңыздар if end with vowel ат+ыңар,бала+ңар,ат+ыңыздар,бала+ңыздар your horse,your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way)

3rd Person Possessive

Singular/Plural Suffix Example Gloss
-- -ы becomes -сы when following vowel ат+ы,бала+сы his horse, his son

General Possessive

Singular/Plural Suffix Example Gloss
-- -ныкы эл+дики,мал+дыкы,балаң+дыкы,тоо+нуку,төө+нүкү people's, livestock's, your son's, the mountain's, the camel's (as their own NPs)

Noun cases

Case Name Suffixes
absolute ---
genitive -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн
dative -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө
definite-accusative -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү
locative -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө
ablative -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн

Genitive, Rules for suffixes

Rules -нын,-ын transfromation Examples Gloss
Ends with vowels -нын,-нун,-нин,нүн бала+нын, тоо+нун, эне+нин, төө+нүн child's, mountain's, mother's, camel's
Ends with Voiced Consonants -дын,-дун,-дин,-дүн жаз+дын, коом+дун,билим+дин,көз+дүн spring's, community's, knowledge's, eye's
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants -тын,-тун,-тин,-түн кат+тын,топ+тун, китеп+тин,өтүк+түн mail's, ball's, book's, shoe's
Ends with Third persons Possesive -ы,-сы and -ныкы -нын,-нун,-нин,-нүн мал+ы+нын, саат+ы+нын, бала+сы+нын, ини+си+нин, үй+ү+нүн, короо+су+нун, мектеп+тики+нин his animal's, his watch's, his child's, his brother's, his house's, his garden's, the school's's (e.g., the school's[ book]'s)

Dative, rules for suffixes

Rules surface form of -/GA/ Examples Gloss
Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants -га,-го,-ге,-гө талаа+га, тоо+го,аскер+ге,көчө+гө,
кыз+га,борбор+го,көл+гө 		to the field,to the mountain, to serve, to the girl,to the center, to the lake
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants -ка,-ко,-ке,-кө таш+ка,от+ко,терек+ке,жүрөк+кө to the stone,to the fire,to the tree,to the heart
after 1st and 2nd person singular possessive suffixes -/(I)m/, -/(I)ŋ/ -а,-е,-о,-ө саат+ым+а,саат+ың+а,короо+м+о,короо+ң+о,мекте<б>+иң+е,
үйүм+ө 		to my watch, to your watch,to my garden,to your garded,to your school,to my house
after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/ -на,-не,-нө (-но is impossible because of intervening /I/s) саат+тыкы+на,короо+нуку+на,короо+су+на,мекте<б>+и+не,үй+дүкү+нө,
эже+ники+не,бала+сы+на,мал+ын+а,үй+ү+нө,эже+си+не,ките<б>+ин+е 		to the watch's, to the garden's, to his/her garden, to his/her/its school, to the house's,
to the sister's, to his/her child, to his/her livestock, to his/her/their house, to his/her sister,to his/her book

Locative case

Rules surface form of -/DA/ Examples Gloss
Ends with a vowel or a voiced consonant -да,-до,-де,-дө талаа+да, тоо+до, аскер+де, көчө+дө,
кыз+да, борбор+до, көл+дө 		in the field, on the mountain, in the army, ~at the girl, in the center, at the lake
Ends with an unvoiced consonant -та,-то,-те,-тө таш+та, от+то, терек+те, жүрөк+тө on the stone, in the fire, in the tree, in the heart
after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/ -нда,-нде,-ндө (-ндо is impossible because of intervening /I/s) саат+тыкы+нда,короо+нуку+нда,короо+су+нда,мекте<б>+и+нде,үй+дүкү+ндө,
эже+ники+нде,бала+сы+нда,мал+ы+нда,үй+ү+ндө

Definite-accusative, Rules for suffixes

Rules surface forms of -/NI/ Examples Gloss
Ends with vowels -ны,-ну,-ни,нү парта+ны,кино+ну,терезе+ни,көчө+нү desk, cinema,window,street
Ends with Voiced Consonants -ды,-ду,-ди,-дү кыз+ды,кулун+ду,жер+ди,жүзүм+дү girl,colt,place,grape
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants -ты,-ту,-ти,-тү бакыт+ты,куш+ту,китеп+ти,күрөк+тү happiness, bird, book, shovel
Ends with First and Second persons Possessive suffixes [this is the same as the voiced consonant rules and can be removed —JNW] -(д)ы,-(д)у,-(д)и,-(д)ү бала+м+ды,бала+ң+ды,уул+ум+ду,ките<б>+им+ди,үй+үм+дү my child,your child,my son,my book,my house
After third person -(s)I suffix or -NIKI possessive suffix -н бала+сы+н, уул+у+н, ките<б>+и+н, үй+ү+н; бала+ныкы+н, уул+дуку+н, китеп+тики+н, үй+дүкү+н his/her/its/their child, son, book, house

Ablative, Rules for suffixes

Rules surface forms of -/DAn/ Examples Gloss
Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants -дан,-дон, -ден,-дөн алма+дан,тоо+дон,киши+ден,үй+дөн,кагаз+дан,герб+ден from apple,from mountain,from person,from house,from paper,
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants -тан,-тон,-тен,-төн таш+тан,от+тон,терек+тен,өрт+төн,топ+тон from stone, from fire, from tree, from fire, from ball
Ends with First and Second persons singular Possessive suffixes -(д)ан, -(д)он, -(д)ен, -(д)өн бала+м+дан/бала+м+ан, короо+м+дон/короо+м+он, китеб+им+ден/китеб+им+ен, көчө+ң+өн/көчө+ң+дөн from my son, from my garden, from my book, from your street
Ends with Third persons Possesive -(s)I or -ныкы -нан, -нен, -нөн (-нон is impossible after /I/) мал+ы+нан, үй+ү+нөн, күзгү+сү+нөн, Керим+дики+нен, шаар+дыкы+нан, ата+сы+ныкы+нан from his animal, from his house, from his mirror's, from Kerim's, from the city's, from his father's

Postpositions

Postpositions used with nominative case nouns

  • менен "with" (but accusative with мен, сен, and ал)
Досум
dos-(I)m
friend-px1sg
/
/
/
аны
al-NI
3sg-acc.def
менен
menen
with
кинону
kino-NI
movie-acc.def
көрдүм.
kœr-DI-m
see-eyewitnessRecentPast-1sg
I saw the movie with my friend / him/her.
  • сайын "every"
Күн
kyn
day
сайын
sayın
every
киного
kino-GA
movie-dat
барчубуз
bɑr-ʧU-bIz
go-pastHabitual-1pl
We used to go to the movies every day.
  • боюнча "according to, in accordance with"
  • иретинде "as a"
  • катары "as a"
  • мурун "ago"
  • тууралуу "about"
  • жөнүндө "about"

Postpositions used with genitive case nouns

These postpositions are different from others in that they take possessive suffixes to agree with their noun, and can take any case. Also, the noun may not show genitive morphology if it's indefinite.

  • орд- "instead of"
Менин
men-NIn
1sg-gen
ордума
orun-(I)m-GA
place-px1sg-abl
досума
dos-(I)m-GA
friend-px1sg-abl
сыйлыкты
sɯj+LIK-NI
award-acc.def
берип
ber-(I)p
give-cnvPerf
салган.
sɑl-GAn-∅
(modalverb}-past-3p
They gave the prize to my friend instead of to me
  • орто- "between, in the middle of"
  • аст- "below, at the bottom of"
  • үст- "above, at the top of"
  • ич- "inside of"
Туура
tuːrɑ
correct
эмесин
emes-(s)I-NI
copula.NEG-px3-acc.def
өз
œz
own
ичимен
iʧ-(I)m-DAn
inside-px1sg-abl
оңдодум.
oɴ-LA-DI-m
right-n2v-eyewitnessRecentPast-1sg
I corrected his mistakes to myself
Үй
yj
house
ичинде
iʧ-(s)I-DA
inside-px3-loc
мышык
mɯʃɯq
cat
уктап
uq-LA-(I)p
sleep-n2v-cnvPerf
жатат.
ʤɑt-A-t
prog-nonPast-3rd
A/the cat is sleeping in(side) the house
  • сырт- "outside of"
  • түп- "in the bottom of"
  • арт- "behind, at the back of"
  • алд- "in front of"
  • жан- "next to"

Postpositions used with accusative case nouns

  • карай "towards"

Postpositions used with ablative case nouns

  • бери "since"
  • баштап "starting with/at/from"
  • кийин "after, in (with time)"
  • тышкары "besides, aside from, other than"

Postpositions used with dative case nouns

  • чейин "until"
  • байланыштуу "connected to/with, tied to"
  • карабастан "in spite of"
  • карата "depending on"

Postpositions used with certain nominal verb forms

  • менен
    • with -/(Aː)r/
    • with -/GAnI/
  • сайын
    • with -/GAn/
  • кийин
    • with -/GAn-DAn/
  • чейин
    • with -/GAn-GA/
  • тышкары
    • with -/GAn-DAn/

Adjectival morphology

Adjectives in Kyrgyz language do not change with cases, possessions and with plural (-лар) suffix. It has 4 levels : 1. Normal 2. Comparative 3. Superlative 4. Weakening

Normal Level

Ех:
1.кооз; Бишкекте кооз уйлор көп курулду.
2.саздуу,кара,көк,аккан Кара шибер, көк майсан, саздуу болот аккан суу.
3.жакшы; Энеси уулуна жакшы тарбия берген экен.

Comparative

Built by adding -ыраак (-/(I)rAAK/) suffix

Examples :

  • кызыл+ыраак redder
  • таттуу+раак sweeter
  • жакшы+раак better
  • кең+ирээк wider
  • сары+раак yellower
  • тоголок+ураак rounder
  • соо+роок more sober
  • өзгөчө+рөөк more special

#Ablative case is used for "than", e.g.:

  • мен+ден чоң+ураак bigger than me

Superlative

  1. Built by using following adverbs: эң,өтө,аябай,чымкый
    • эң жакшы "the best"
    • эң катуу "the hardest"
    • эң сары "the yellowest"
    this is often with possessive morphology after the adjective or the NP it's part of, corresponding roughly to definiteness (specifying what the known domain is) —JNW
      • бу+лар+дын эң чоң+у аныкы the biggest of these is his
      • бул алма+лар+дын эң сары+сы this is the yellowest of the apples
      • бул эң сары алма(+сы) this is the yellowest apple
  1. These aren't superlative, but similar
    • абдан кооз "really beautiful"
    • өтө сулуу "very handsome"
    • аябай ысык "extremely hot"
    • чылк семиз "very fat"
    • чымкый кызыл "very red"
    Typically in Apertium we categorise the "very, really, extremely" part as a separate POS preadv, which aids disambiguation -- e.g. a preadv is an adverb which cannot modify a verb on its own. -- Some can be both of course, but often leading to a different translation (e.g. (en) really<preadv> = (es) muy, (en) really<adv> = (es) verdaderamente) —FMT
  2. "extremetive" (?) adjectives
  3. Built by reduplication: the reduplicant is composed of all material through the first syllable nucleus of an adjective and ends with +/п/, prepended in front of the base
    • кара --> кап+кара as black as can be
    • сары --> сап+сары as yellow as can be
    • тоголок --> топ+тоголок as round as can be
    • ачуу --> ап+ачуу as spicy as can be
    • кызыл --> кып+кызыл as red as can be

"Weakening"

Weakens the meaning of adjectives built by adding -ыш,-гыл,-ылжым,-илжын,-ылтыр,-гыч,-гылт,-гылтым,-ыңкы

These are almost entirely non-productive and can probably be ignored for morphological analysis —JNW
suffixes Example Gloss
-ыш ак -- агыш,көк -- көгүш little bit white,little bit blue
-гыл кир -- киргил little bit dirty
-ылжым,-илжын көк -- көгүлжүм,кара -- каралжым little bit blue, little bit black
-ылтыр көк -- көгүлтүр blueish
-гыч сары -- саргыч yellowish
-гылт сары -- саргылт,кызыл -- кызгылт yellowish, reddish
-гылтым кызыл -- кызгылтым reddish
-ыңкы азган -- азыңкы --

Derivation

Aside from the derivation under #"Weakening", there is semi-productive derivation of adjectives from other parts of speech. This section will include some of them. Most of this morphology can probably be safely ignored as long as there's a certain amount of forms in the lexicon

-/LUU/

This makes adjectives out of nouns; I don't think it's universally productive, but it's quite ubiquitous

  • бакыт "happiness", бактылуу "happy"
  • белги "sign, symbol", белгилүү "famous, well-known"
  • кыймыл "motion", кыймылдуу "moving"
  • күмөн "doubt", күмөдүү "questionable"
  • ийгилик "success", ийгиликтүү "successful"

-/ʧIl/

-/sAK/

-/KI/

This seems to be used productively with time words and locations to make attributive adjectives

  • бүгүн "today", бүгүнкү "today's"
  • былтыр "last year", былтыркы "last year's"
  • түн "night", түнкү "nighttime (adj.)"
  • үст+ү "top+<px3>", үстүнкү "upper"
  • аст+ы "bottom+<px3>", астынкы "lower"
  • сырт "outside", сырткы "outer"

-/(ʧI+)lIK/

Derives [usually abstract] nouns from nouns.

Numerals (Сан атооч)

Numerals in it's own state do not change with cases and with plural (-лар) suffix.
Built by following suffixes:

suffixes Example Gloss
-ынчы (-нчы) бир+инчи, жети+нчи,үч+үнчү first, seventh, third (ordinals)
-оо,-өө бир+өө,алт+оо,беш+өө one,six,five of them (supporting)
-ча отуз+ча,кырк+ча,жүз+чө approximateley thirty,forty,hundred (approximate)
-дай беш+тей,он+дой,кырк+тай,жүз+дөй almost five,ten,forty,hundred (approximate)
-лаган он+догон,жүз+дөгөн,миң+деген,кырк+таган tens of,hundreds of, thousands of, forties of
-лар ? эки+лер,уч+төр, он+дор ???

Verb Morphology

Verbs morphologically can be changed according to possessions, tenses, relation suffixes(мамиле мүчөөлөрү) and condition suffixes(ыңгай мүчөөлөрү). There are 4 types of verbs.

  1. Normal verbs : көгөрөт, окуйт, баалайт, жыгышты etc...
  2. Complex verbs : ойгонгусу келип турат, кете бермек екенмин, бара жаткан элем, шыбыраша башташкан экен, etc...
  3. main verbs : окуп, сүйлөп, ойноп, күлүп, кетип, уча, жазып. etc ...
  4. helping verbs : жатат, берди,атат,койду, калды, ийди, чыкты, etc ...

Tenses

Morphotactics

Deriv:

stem + (passive)? + (causative)? + ("reflexive")? + INFL

INFL: 

stem + (negative)? + non-finite suffix 
stem + (negative)? + finite suffix + person agreement

Present continuous Tense (учур чак)

1. Simple

suffixes examples gloss
-ууда жакшыр+ууда getting well,progressing
-а,-е(-й) оку+й+м,иште+й+м studying, working

2. Complех

suffixes examples gloss
-a бар+а жатат, he/she is going
-е(-й) сүйлө+й баштайт he is going to speak
-ып ырда+п жатат, иште+п жүрөт he is singing, he is working

Future Tense (Келер Чак)

1.Definite Future Tense {-а,-й + possessions }

suffixes examples gloss
-a бар+а+мын, бар+а+сың, бар+а+т I will go, you will go, he will go
-й оку+й+буз, оку+й+суң, оку+й+т, we will read, you will read,he will read

2.Not Definite Future tense {-ар + possessions }

suffixes examples gloss
-aр бар+ар+мын, бар+ар+сың, бар+ар, бар+ар+сыз, бар+ар+сыздар maybe i/you/he will go
-мак+ экен + possessions бар+мак экемин,бар+мак экенсиң, бар+мак экенсиз might go ? ? ?

Past Tense (Өткөн чак)

1.Definite past tense {-ды,ды + possessions + эле}

suffixes examples gloss
-ды + possession бар+ды,ал+ды+м,оку+ду+ң,кел+ди+ңиз he went, i took, you read, you came
-ды + possessions + эле бар+ды эле,ал+ды+м эле,оку+ду+ң эле,кел+ди+ңиз эле he went, i took, you read, you came

2.Accidental past tense (капыскы өткөн чак) {-ып,ып + тыр + possessions}

suffixes examples gloss
-ып+possessions бар+ып+мын,бар+ып+сыз ? ? ?
ып + тыр + possessions бар+ып+тыр+мын, бар+ып+тыр+сыңар ? ? ? ?

3.General Past Tense (Жалпы) {-ган+possessions}

suffixes examples gloss
-ган+possessions бар+ган,бар+га(м), бар+ган+сың he went,i went, you went

4.Habit past tense (Адат) {-чу + possessions}

suffixes examples gloss
-чу + possessions бар+чу, кел+чү, жаз+чу+мун,оку+чу+суң, ойно+чу+суз he/she/i/you regularly went,came,wrote,read,played
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