En français · по-русски
This page lists the symbols in Apertium used to denote part-of-speech and further morphological features, as well as chunk tags used for more syntactic functions, as well as XML tags.
This page also documents alignment between Apertium morphological tags and Universal Dependencies POS tags and features.
This is meant to be a glossary of symbol names in alphabetical order with notes. Some of these names are specific to particular packages or language pairs, as not all languages have the same grammatical features (most don't have spatial distinction in articles for example).
If you were wondering what the symbols #, /, @, +, ~ or * mean, read Apertium stream format.
Part-of-speech Categories
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal POS
|
n |
Noun |
see 'np' for proper noun |
NOUN
|
vblex |
Standard ("lexical") verb |
see also: vbser, vbhaver, vbmod, vaux, vbdo |
VERB
|
v |
Standard verb |
shortened form of vblex, often used in agglutinative languages |
VERB
|
vbmod |
Modal verb |
|
VERB
|
vbser |
Verb "to be" |
from ser (to be) |
VERB (or AUX)
|
vbhaver |
Verb "to have" |
from haver (to have) |
VERB (or AUX)
|
vbdo |
Verb "to do" |
"to do" includes all eleven tenses and forms of to do, can also be an auxiliary verb |
VERB (or AUX)
|
vaux |
Auxiliary verb |
wikipedia |
AUX
|
cop |
Copula |
wikipedia; sometimes verb-like, sometimes not |
AUX, ...
|
adj |
Adjective |
|
ADJ
|
adv |
Adverb |
|
ADV
|
preadv |
Pre-adverb |
|
ADV
|
postadv |
Post-adverb |
|
ADV
|
mod |
Modal word |
[1] |
PART
|
det |
Determiner |
wikipedia |
DET
|
prn |
Pronoun |
wikipedia |
PRON
|
pr |
Preposition |
wikipedia |
ADP
|
post |
Postposition |
|
ADP
|
num |
Numeral |
|
NUM
|
np |
Proper noun |
From nom propi wikipedia |
PROPN
|
ij |
Interjection |
wikipedia |
INTJ
|
cnjcoo |
Co-ordinating conjunction |
wikipedia |
CCONJ
|
cnjsub |
Sub-ordinating conjunction |
|
SCONJ
|
cnjadv |
Conjunctive adverb |
wikipedia |
SCONJ, ADV
|
atp |
Attachable prefix |
In German, zusammen- |
|
Punctuation
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal POS
|
sent |
Sentence-ending punctuation |
e.g. full stop, question mark |
PUNCT
|
cm |
Comma punctuation |
, |
PunctType=Cm
|
lquot |
Left quote |
« |
PUNCT
|
rquot |
Right quote |
» |
PUNCT
|
lpar |
Left parenthesis |
( |
PUNCT
|
rpar |
Right parenthesis |
) |
PUNCT
|
guio |
Hyphen |
- used to connect two words into one e.g. year-long |
PUNCT
|
apos |
Apostrophe |
' or ' |
PunctType=apos
|
quot |
Quotation |
" |
PunctType=quot
|
percent |
Percentage |
% |
PunctType=percent
|
lquest |
Left question/exclamation mark |
¿¡ (used in Spanish) |
PUNCT
|
Part-of-speech Sub-categories
Gender
These tags are usually used with nouns, and things that agree/concord with nouns (like adjectives and verbs).
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal features
|
f |
Feminine |
|
Gender=Fem
|
m |
Masculine |
|
Gender=Masc
|
nt |
Neuter |
|
Gender=Neut
|
ma |
Masculine (animate) |
Mostly in Slavic languages |
Gender=Masc
|
mi |
Masculine (inanimate) |
Mostly in Slavic languages |
Gender=Masc
|
mp |
Masculine (personal) |
in Polish |
Gender=Masc
|
mn |
Masculine or neuter |
|
Gender=Masc,Neut
|
fn |
Feminine or neuter |
|
Gender=Fem,Neut
|
mf |
Masculine or feminine |
This is used where the gender can be either masculine or feminine |
Gender=Masc,Fem
|
mfn |
Masculine , feminine , neuter |
This is used where the gender can be either masculine, feminine or neuter |
Gender=Masc,Fem,Neut
|
ut |
Common |
From utrum, found in Scandinavian languages. |
Gender=Com
|
un |
Common or neuter |
As above, only common or neuter |
Gender=Com,Neut
|
GD |
Gender to be determined |
|
Count/Mass
These tags are usually used with nouns, and things that agree/concord with nouns (like adjectives and verbs).
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
cnt |
Countable |
|
unc |
Uncountable (mass) |
|
Animacy
These tags are usually used with nouns, and things that agree/concord with nouns (like adjectives and verbs).
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
aa |
Animate |
|
an |
Animate or inanimate |
|
nn |
Inanimate |
|
Adjectives
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
sint |
Synthetic |
"nice, nicer, nicest" is synthetic. "handsome, more handsome, the most handsome" is not. wikipedia
|
preadj |
Pre-adjective |
for languages where most of adjectives are after the noun (ex: French in eo->fr bidix)
|
preadj_nh |
Pre-adjective if not human |
according to the noun, the adjective is before or after
|
Pronoun types
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
pers |
Personal |
|
PronType=Prs
|
tn |
Tónico |
|
detnt |
Neuter determiner |
POS? |
DET
|
predet |
Pre determiner |
POS? |
DET
|
atn |
Atónico |
|
qnt |
Quantifier |
|
PronType=Ind
|
ord |
Ordinal |
|
NumType=Ord
|
obj |
Object |
|
subj |
Subject |
|
pro |
Proclitic |
|
enc |
Enclitic |
|
acr |
Acronym |
Not Pronuon? |
Abbr=Yes
|
rel |
Relative |
|
PronType=Rel
|
ind |
Indefinite |
|
PronType=Ind
|
itg |
Interrogative |
|
PronType=Int
|
dem |
Demonstrative |
|
PronType=Dem
|
def |
Definite |
|
pos |
Possessive |
|
Poss=Yes
|
ref |
Reflexive |
|
Reflex=Yes
|
prx |
Proximate |
|
dst |
Distal |
|
expl |
Syntactic expletive |
wikipedia |
|
rec |
Reciprocal Pronoun |
|
Transitivity
Used for verbs.
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
tv |
Transitive |
takes direct object in accusative case (used in Turkic)
|
iv |
Intransitive |
does not take direct object in accusative case (used in Turkic)
|
TD |
Transitivity to be determined |
if the sub-category is [currently] unknown
|
Separable verbs
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
sep |
Separable verb |
wikipedia, lingolia, PDF
|
fs |
Separable verb in subordinate clause |
|
fm |
Separable verb in main clause |
|
Proper nouns
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal features
|
ant |
Anthroponym |
wikipedia, it's very common to use ant together with f and m for traditionally gender-specific names
|
top |
Toponym |
In some language pairs without the locative case this may be loc. Although this should be changed. wikipedia
|
hyd |
Hydronym |
wikipedia
|
cog |
Cognomen |
In normal use, surnames
|
org |
Organisation |
|
al |
Altres |
Other, misc.
|
Inflectional morphology
Number
Note: number can be a sub-category tag too, e.g. with pronouns.
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
sg |
Singular |
|
Number=Sing
|
pl |
Plural |
|
Number=Plur
|
sp |
Singular or plural |
|
Number=Sing,Plur
|
du |
Dual |
|
Number=Dual
|
ct |
Count |
see mk-bg |
Number=Count
|
coll |
Collective |
|
Number=Coll
|
ND |
Number to be determined |
|
Case
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
nom |
Nominative |
|
Case=Nom
|
acc |
Accusative |
|
Case=Acc
|
dat |
Dative |
|
Case=Dat
|
gen |
Genitive |
|
Case=Gen
|
dg |
Dative and Genitive |
in ro-es, discouraged in new developments |
Case=Dat,Gen
|
voc |
Vocative |
|
Case=Voc
|
abl |
Ablative |
wikipedia |
Case=Abl
|
ins |
Instrumental or Instructive |
wikipedia |
Case=Ins
|
loc |
Locative |
wikipedia |
Case=Loc
|
prp |
Prepositional |
wikipedia
|
tra |
Translative |
|
Case=Tra
|
ill |
Illative |
|
Case=Ill
|
ine |
Inessive |
|
Case=Ine
|
ade |
Adessive |
|
Case=Ade
|
all |
Allative |
|
Case=All
|
abe |
Abessive |
|
Case=Abe
|
ess |
Essive |
|
Case=Ess
|
par |
Partitive |
|
Case=Par
|
dis |
Distributive |
|
Case=Dis
|
com |
Comitative |
|
Case=Com
|
soc |
Sociative |
|
|
prl |
Prolative |
|
Case=Pro
|
ses |
Superessive |
Hungarian |
Case=Sup
|
sub |
Sublative |
Hungarian |
Case=Sub
|
dela |
Delative |
Hungarian |
Case=Del
|
term |
Terminative |
Hungarian, Estonian, ... |
Case=Ter
|
temp |
Temporal |
[2] |
Case=Tem
|
obl |
Oblique |
[3] |
Case=Obl
|
erg |
Ergative |
[4] |
Case=Erg
|
Voice
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
actv |
Active voice |
|
Voice=Act
|
pass |
Passive voice |
is more used in Turkic. |
Voice=Pass
|
pasv |
Passive voice |
is more used in Germanic. |
Voice=PAss
|
midv |
Middle voice |
|
Voice=Mid
|
nactv |
Non-active voice |
See Albanian. |
|
caus |
Causative voice |
see also #Derivations |
Voice=Cau
|
Tense and mode
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal features
|
pres |
Present |
|
Tense=Pres
|
pret |
Preterite |
Preterite |
Tense=Past
|
past |
Past |
|
Tense=Past
|
imp |
Imperative |
englishlanguageguide |
Mood=Imp
|
inf |
Infinitive |
wikipedia |
VerbForm=Inf
|
ito |
Infinitive with 'to' |
German |
VerbForm=Inf
|
aor |
Aorist |
wikipedia A tense in Turkic languages. |
Tense=Past
|
pp |
Past participle |
wikipedia |
VerbForm=Part
|
pp2 |
Past participle (???) |
It's at least used in the Esperanto dictionaries for future active participles, ont (seems quite odd) |
|
pp3 |
Past participle (???) |
It's at least used in the Esperanto dictionaries for past active participles, int (seems quite odd) |
|
pprs |
Present participle |
Also appears as ppres (deprecated) |
VerbForm=Part
|
ger |
Gerund |
wikipedia |
VerbForm=Ger
|
supn |
Supine |
wikipedia |
VerbForm=Sup
|
pri |
Present indicative |
see also: pres. wikipedia |
Tense=Pres Mood=Ind
|
pprs |
Present participle |
see also: pprs. wikipedia |
Tense=Pres Mood=Part
|
pii |
Imperfect |
from Pretério imperfecto de indicativo wikipedia |
Tense=Past Mood=Ind
|
fti |
Future indicative |
|
Tense=Fut Mood=Ind
|
fts |
Future subjunctive |
|
Tense=Fut Mood=Sub
|
cni |
Conditional |
Lot of pairs will probably use cnd or cond... |
Mood=Cnd
|
plu |
Pluperfect |
In cy-en |
Tense=Pqp
|
pmp |
Pluperfect |
In es-gl (from Pluscamperfecto) |
Tense=Pqp
|
prs |
Present subjunctive |
wikipedia |
Tense=Pres Mood=Sub
|
pis |
Imperfect subjunctive |
|
Tense=Past Mood=Sub
|
ifi |
Past definite |
from Pretério perfecto o indefinido |
Tense=Past Definite=Def
|
aff |
Affirmative |
wikipedia |
Polarity=Pos
|
itg |
Interrogative |
|
|
neg |
Negative |
|
Polarity=Neg
|
lp |
L-participle |
|
deb |
Debitive mode |
Exclusive to Latvian (wikipedia) |
|
infps |
Personal infinitive |
Used in Portuguese |
|
Person
Note: person can be a sub-category tag, e.g. with pronouns.
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
p1 |
First person |
|
Person=1
|
p2 |
Second person |
|
Person=2
|
p3 |
Third person |
|
Person=3
|
impers |
Impersonal |
Sometimes called 'autonomous' |
Person=0
|
Derivations
Possession
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
px1sg |
First person singular possessive |
e.g. in Turkic languages |
Person[psor]=1 Number[psor]=Sing
|
px2sg |
Second person singular possessive |
e.g. in Turkic languages |
Person[psor]=2 Number[psor]=Sing
|
px3sg |
Third person singular possessive |
e.g. in Turkic languages |
Person[psor]=3 Number[psor]=Sing
|
px1pl |
First person plural possessive |
e.g. in Turkic languages |
Person[psor]=1 Number[psor]=Plur
|
px2pl |
Second person plural possessive |
e.g. in Turkic languages |
Person[psor]=2 Number[psor]=Plur
|
px3pl |
Third person plural possessive |
e.g. in Turkic languages |
Person[psor]=3 Number[psor]=Plur
|
px3sp |
Third person possessive singular or plural |
e.g. in Turkic languages |
Person[psor]=3
|
Object marking
e.g. in verbs with both
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal features
|
o_sg1 |
First person singular object |
|
o_sg2 |
Second person singular object |
|
o_sg3 |
Third person singular object |
|
o_pl1 |
First person plural object |
|
o_pl2 |
Second person plural object |
|
o_pl3 |
Third person plural object |
|
Adjectives
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal features
|
pst |
Positive |
|
Degree=Pos
|
comp |
Comparative |
wikipedia |
Degree=Comp
|
sup |
Superlative |
wikipedia |
Degree=Sup
|
attr |
Attributive |
wikipedia
|
pred |
Predicative |
wikipedia
|
Others
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes
|
abbr |
Abbreviation (e.g. etc., Mr.) |
Acronyms are also included (see acr)
|
date |
Dates, years... |
|
email |
Electronic Mail |
Shorten form of Electronic Mail
|
file |
Filenames |
|
mon |
Money |
|
percent |
Percentage |
e.g. 25%, 0.9%
|
time |
Time |
|
web |
Links and Emails |
|
majascule |
Large script in which every letter is the same height |
|
miniscule |
small script in which every letter is the same height |
|
Compounds
| Symbol |
Gloss |
Notes |
Universal feature
|
cmp |
Compound Noun |
|
See also
Chunk tags
| Tag |
Description
|
<SN> |
Noun phrase / noun group (sintagma nominal)
|
<SA> |
Adjective phrase / adjective group
|
<SV> |
Verb phrase / verb group (sintagma verbal)
|
XML tags
Note: All XML tags are explained in depth in the PDF documentation, see also the dix.dtd and dix.rng files in the GitHub repository.
| XML tag |
Means |
Appears in XML tags / notes / examples
|
<dictionary> |
Mono- or bilingual dictionary |
In files apertium-eo-en.en.dix, apertium-eo-en.eo-en.dix, apertium-eo-en.post-en.dix, apertium-eo-en.post-eo.dix
|
<alphabet> |
Set of characters in the language |
In <dictionary>
|
<sdefs> |
Symbol definitions |
In <dictionary>
|
<sdef> |
Symbol definition |
In <sdefs>. Ex: <sdef n="noun"/>
|
<pardefs> |
Paradigm definitions |
In <dictionary>.
|
<pardef> |
Paradigm definition |
In <pardefs>.
|
<section> |
A section of the dictionary |
In <dictionary>. Ex: <section id="main" type="standard">
|
<e> |
A dictionary entry (a word) |
In <section> and in <pardef>.
|
<i> |
Invariant (left and right side) |
In <e>. Ex.: <i>beer</i>
|
<p> |
A pair |
In <e>.
|
<l> |
Left side (surface form) |
In <p>. Ex.: <l>beer</l>
|
<r> |
Right side (lexical unit) |
In <p>. Ex.: <r>beer<s n="noun"/><s n="singular"/></r>
|
<s> |
A lexical symbol (noun, adj..) |
In <r>, <l> and <i>. Ex.: <s n="noun"/>
|
<a> |
Post-generator wake-up mark |
In <r>, <l> and <i>. Ex.: <l><a/>a<s ... (for the a/an rule in English)
|
<b> |
Blank space |
In <r>, <l> and <i>. Ex.: <l>you're<b/>welcome<s ...
|
TODO: Probably there are more. --Jacob Nordfalk 14:47, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
Other tags:
<j/> (in stream format #) is to mark multiwords
<t/> and <v/> are only in crossdix
t = template, v = variable
t matches any single tag, v is like + in regexes (0 or more)
<sa/> and <prm/> are only used in metadixes.
'sa' lets you add n optional extra tag, prm is an extra string for the paradigm
Transfer
<clip> tag
See the documentation (pdf), p.144 for more information.
| XML attribute value |
Means |
Appears in attribute |
Notes
|
whole |
lemma and grammatical symbols |
part
|
lem |
lemma |
part
|
lemh |
(inflected) head word of multiword |
part
|
lemq |
following queue of multiword |
part
|
See also
