Apertium separable
Lttoolbox provides a module for reordering separable/discontiguous multiwords and processing them in the pipeline. Multiwords are manually written in an additional xml-format dictionary.
Installing
Prerequisites and compilation are the same as lttoolbox and apertium. See Installation. On Debian/Ubuntu derivatives, it is part of the nightly repo as apt-get install apertium-separable.
The code can be found at https://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/branches/apertium-separable and instructions for compiling the module are:
./autogen.sh ./configure make
It is not currently part of distributed Apertium binaries for other distros/OSs.
Lexical transfer in the pipeline
lsx-proc runs between apertium-tagger and apertium-pretransfer:
… | apertium-tagger -g eng.prob | lsx-proc english.bin | apertium-pretransfer | …
Example
A sentence in plain text,
Thus, it was asserted that a tax on foreign workers would reduce the numbers coming in and “taking jobs away” from American citizens.
This is the output of feeding the sentence through apertium-tagger :
^thus<adv>$^,<cm>$ ^prpers<prn><subj><p3><nt><sg>$ ^be<vbser><past><p3><sg>$ ^assert<vblex><pp>$ ^that<prn><tn><mf><sg>$ ^a<det><ind><sg>$ ^tax<n><sg>$ ^on<pr>$ ^foreign<adj>$ ^worker<n><pl>$ ^would<vaux><inf>$ ^reduce<vblex><inf>$ ^the<det><def><sp>$ ^number<vblex><pri><p3><sg>$ ^come<vblex><ger># in$ ^and<cnjcoo>$ “^take<vblex><ger>$ ^job<n><pl>$ ^away<adv>$” ^from<pr>$ ^american<adj>$ ^citizen<n><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$
This is the output of feeding the output above through lsx-proc :
^thus<adv>$^,<cm>$ ^prpers<prn><subj><p3><nt><sg>$ ^be<vbser><past><p3><sg>$ ^assert<vblex><pp>$ ^that<prn><tn><mf><sg>$ ^a<det><ind><sg>$ ^tax<n><sg>$ ^on<pr>$ ^foreign<adj>$ ^worker<n><pl>$ ^would<vaux><inf>$ ^reduce<vblex><inf>$ ^the<det><def><sp>$ ^number<vblex><pri><p3><sg>$ ^come<vblex><ger># in$ ^and<cnjcoo>$ “^take# away<vblex><sep><ger>$ ^job<n><pl>$” ^from<pr>$ ^american<adj>$ ^citizen<n><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$
Compilation and Usage
Make a dictionary file:
<dictionary type="separable">
<alphabet>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz</alphabet>
<sdefs>
<sdef n="adj"/>
<sdef n="adv"/>
<sdef n="n"/>
<sdef n="sep"/>
<sdef n="vblex"/>
</sdefs>
<pardefs>
<pardef n="adj">
<e><i><w/><s n="adj"/><j/></i></e>
<e><i><w/><s n="adj"/><t/><j/></i></e>
</pardef>
<pardef n="n">
<e><i><w/><s n="n"/><t/><j/></i></e>
</pardef>
<pardef n="SN">
<e><par n="n"/></e>
<e><par n="adj"/><par n="n"/></e>
<e><par n="adj"/><par n="adj"/><par n="n"/></e>
</pardef>
<pardef n="freq-adv">
<e><i>always<s n="adv"/><j/></i></e>
<e><i>anually<s n="adv"/><j/></i></e>
<e><i>bianually<s n="adv"/><j/></i></e>
</pardef>
</pardefs>
<section id="main" type="standard">
<e lm="be late" c="llegar tarde">
<p><l>be<s n="vbser"/></l><r>be<g><b/>late</g><s n="vbser"/><s n="sep"/></r></p><i><t/><j/></i>
<par n="SAdv"/><p><l>late<t/><j/></l><r></r></p>
</e>
<e lm="take away" c="sacar, quitar">
<p><l>take<s n="vblex"/></l><r>take<g><b/>away</g><s n="vblex"/><s n="sep"/></r></p><i><t/><j/></i>
<par n="SN"/><p><l>away<t/><j/></l><r></r></p>
</e>
</section>
</dictionary>
Note:
<w/>stands for one or more alphabetic symbols<t/>stands for one or more tags (multicharacter symbols).
i.e.
<e><w/>is equivalent to<t/><j/></e>any-one-or-more-chars<adj><required-anytag><...optional-anytag...><$>- ^tall<adj><sint><...>$
<e><w/>is equivalent to<j/></e>any-one-or-more-chars<adj><$>- ^tall<adj>$
Then compile it:
$ lsx-comp dictionary.xml english.bin main@standard 61 73
The input to lsx-proc is the output of apertium-tagger ,
$ echo '^thus<adv>$^,<cm>$ ^prpers<prn><subj><p3><nt><sg>$ ^be<vbser><past><p3><sg>$ ^assert<vblex><pp>$ ^that<prn><tn><mf><sg>$ ^a<det><ind><sg>$ ^tax<n><sg>$ ^on<pr>$ ^foreign<adj>$ ^worker<n><pl>$ ^would<vaux><inf>$ ^reduce<vblex><inf>$ ^the<det><def><sp>$ ^number<vblex><pri><p3><sg>$ ^come<vblex><ger># in$ ^and<cnjcoo>$ <b>“^take<vblex><ger>$ ^job<n><pl>$ ^away<adv>$”</b> ^from<pr>$ ^american<adj>$ ^citizen<n><pl>$^.<sent>$^.<sent>$' | lsx-proc english.bin
A larger example dictionary can be found at https://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/branches/apertium-separable/examples/new-example.dix
Preparedness of languages
Languages that beta-testing the module:
- eng
Todo and bugs
Decide whether the lsx module is part of monolingual modules, language pairs, either, or both.Instead ofdictionary.xmlandenglish.binand the like, we should have standardised naming conventions. Some options/proposals:eng-cat.autolsx.xml,eng-cat.autolsx.bineng-cat.autosep.lsx,eng-cat.autosep.binapertium-eng-cat.eng-cat.lsx,eng-cat.autoseq.bin
- blow# out of the water, be# oppose to
- 10:53 firespeaker: pektii: if we offload multiwords from the transducers to lsx, (1) how do we do N N compounds with lsx? (2) how does translation *to* a multiword work?
- documentation for using lsx
<e lm="snjúgva seg um" c="">
<p><l>snjúgva<s n="vblex"/></l><r>snjúgva<g><b/>seg</g><s n="vblex"/></r></p>
<i><t/><j/></i>
<p><l>seg<s n="prn"/><t/><j/>um<s n="pr"/></l><r>um<s n="pr"/></r></p>
<i><j/></i>
</e>
$ lt-print fao-nob.autoseq.bin
0 1 s s
1 2 n n
2 3 j j
3 4 ú ú
4 5 g g
5 6 v v
6 7 a a
7 8 <vblex> #
8 9 ε
9 10 ε s
10 11 ε e
11 12 ε g
12 13 ε <vblex>
13 14 <ANY_TAG> <ANY_TAG>
14 14 <ANY_TAG> <ANY_TAG>
14 15 <$> <$>
15 16 s u
16 17 e m
17 18 g <pr>
18 19 <prn> ε
19 20 <ANY_TAG> ε
20 21 <$> ε
21 22 u ε
22 23 m ε
23 24 <pr> ε
24 25 <$> <$>
25
$ echo "^snjúgva<vblex><ind><pres><p3><sg>$ ^seg<prn><ref><acc>$ ^um<pr>$" | ~/source/apertium/branches/apertium-separable/src/lsx-proc fao-nob.autoseq.bin
^snjúgva<vblex><ind><pres><p3><sg>$ ^seg<prn><ref><acc>$ ^um<pr>$
Resolved issues
- kaz-eng
$ echo "хабар еткен" | apertium-destxt | apertium -f none -d . kaz-eng-tagger | ~/source/apertium/branches/apertium-separable/src/lsx-proc kaz-eng.autoseq.bin ^хабарет<v><tv>$ ^хабарет<v><tv><past>$^хабарет<v><tv><past><p3>$^хабарет<v><tv><past><p3><sg>$^.<sent>$[][
- kaz-kir
15:35 firespeaker: http://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/nursery/apertium-kaz-kir/apertium-kaz-kir.kaz-kir.lsx
15:35 firespeaker: with input ^абай<adj>$ ^бол<v><iv><imp><p2><sg>$
- deu
wolfgangth Hi, I tested the new module for reordering separable multiwords and I have a problem if one of the entries (the last) has more then one word
wolfgangth before lsx-proc : ^heute Nachmittag<adv>$ wolfgangth after lsx-proc : ^heuteNachmittag<adv>$
wolfgangth the blank was lost if it was part of a rule that was executed
- /p/apertium/svn/incubator/apertium-fao-nor/apertium-fao-nor.fao-nor.dix
input: ^snjúgva<vblex><ind><pres><p3><sg>$ ^seg<prn><ref><acc>$ ^um<pr>$ should output: snjúgva# seg<vblex><ind><pres><p3><sg>$ ^um<pr>$ input: ^at<cnjsub>$ ^*leidningarnir$ ^halda<vblex><inf>$ ^fram<adv>$^,<cm>$ ^at<cnjsub>$, output: ^at<cnjsub>$ ^*leidningarnir$ ^halda# fram<vblex><adv>$^,<cm>$ ^at<cnjsub>$ notice the extra space and the fact that you get <vblex><adv> not <vblex><inf>
- +
16:35 firespeaker: $ echo "абай болмайсың ба" | apertium -d . kaz-kir-autoseq 16:35 firespeaker: ^абай<adj>$ ^бол<v><iv><neg><aor><p2><sg>+ма<qst>$^.<sent>$ 16:35 firespeaker: oh, it's probably the + 16:35 firespeaker: seems to be okay with everything else 16:36 firespeaker: we'll need to ask spectie how we want to be dealing with this 16:38 irene_: what's the expected output? 16:39 begiak: apertium: jonorthwash * 81610: /nursery/apertium-kaz-kir/: Makefile.am, apertium-kaz-kir.kaz-kir.dix and 2 other files: kaz-kir-autoseq mode 16:39 irene_: of ^абай<adj>$ ^бол<v><iv><neg><aor><p2><sg>+ма<qst>$^.<sent>$ 16:39 firespeaker: ^абай бол<v><iv><neg><aor><p2><sg>+ма<qst>$^.<sent>$ I guess
- append <j/> with <t/>? => no
- append <j/> with every </e> in lsx-comp, instead of writing the final <j/> in the dictionary => no, having lsx-comp append <j/> messes with paradigms
