Dependency parsing for Turkic
Introduction
For the first version we intend as shallow an analysis as the standard allows. E.g. different kinds of nmod
(possession, adverbials, etc. will not be distinguished). For later versions we intend to deepen the analysis.
acl
: Clausal modifier of a noun
acl
stands for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a nominal. The acl
relation contrasts with the advcl
relation, which is used for adverbial clauses that modify a predicate. The head of the acl
relation is the noun that is modified, and the dependent is the head of the clause that modifies the noun.
In Turkic, acl
will often be used for (relative) clauses headed by verbal adjectives (gpr_
).
___acl___ | | Үйге жүгіретін адам мені шошытты. to.home run.GPR man me.ACC started. "The man running home startled me." / "The man who is running home started me."
Secondary predication
This relation is also used for optional depictives. The adjective is taken to modify the nominal of which it provides a secondary predication. See xcomp
for further discussion of resultatives and depictives.
advcl
: adverbial clause modifier
Adverbial clause modifiers (advcl
) are subordinate clauses that are not complements. Also non-complement infinitival or temporal clauses and non-complement participles modifying verbs are marked as advcl
.
In Turkic, verbal adverbs (gna_
) will take this label if they modify a main verb.
________________________advcl_____________________________ | | Ном номчааш, ол кижиниң чуртталгазын шуптузун билип алдым. book.ACC read.GNA.PAST, that person.GEN life.3.ACC all.3.ACC know.PRC.PERF make.PAST.1SG ________________________advcl__________________________________ | | Китапны укыгач, ул кешенең тормышы турында барысын да белдем. book.ACC read.GNA.PAST, that person.GEN life.3.NOM about all.3.ACC know.PAST.1SG "Having read the book, I found out everything about that person's life."
Note that unless there is a separate subject for the "subordinate" clause, the subject will be the same as for the main clause, but is not directly connected.
Comparison
We also use advcl
for the comparator in comparison constructions like "X is bigger than Y", in Turkic, the "than Y" is in the ablative case and this depends on the adjective X.
advmod
: adverb modifier
The dependency type advmod is used for adverb modifiers of verbs, nominals and adverbs alike.
_advmod_ | | Света келзе, мени удавас чедип келир деп дамчыдыңар. Sveta come.COND, I.ACC soon reach.PRC.PERF come.PRC.AOR COMP tell.IMP.PL __advmod_ | | Света килсә, <name of the speaker> тиздән кайтып җитә деп әйтегез. Sveta come.COND, soon return.PRES.3sg. COMP tell.IMP.PL "If Sveta comes, tell her I'll return soon."
amod
: adjectival modifier
Nouns may take adjectival modifiers, which are marked with the dependency type amod
. It is also possible for an adjective to take another adjective as a modifier. (These adjectival modifiers are generally expressed with -ly adverbs in English.)
_____amod_____ | | Мергенде солун номнар бар. Mergen.LOC interesting book.PL existing. _____amod_____ | | Мәргәндә кызыклы китаплар бар. Mergen.LOC interesting book.PL existing. "Mergen has some interesting books."
The label amod
is also used for ordinal numbers, which when rendered in digits may not be overtly marked.
It is also used for locative nouns in -DAGI.
(Note: This is a provisional classification, pending discussion.)
*appos
: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier of a noun is a nominal immediately following the first noun that serves to define or modify that noun. It includes examples in parentheses, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
*aux
: auxiliary
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause, e.g. one of тур-, кел-, ал- etc. The main verb in the case of auxiliary use is the participle (prc_
).
auxpass
: unused
case
: case
The dependency type case is used for the postposition in postpositional phrases. The head of an postpositional phrase is the nominal, not the postposition, so as to analyse postpositional phrases similarly to nominal modifiers without a postposition (e.g. when using local "cases") To the same end, the type case is used in combination with the type nmod
, which is also used for nominal modifiers when no adposition is present (see nmod).
Note that case
is not used with auxiliary nouns (sometimes called "postpositions") in the form of N¹.gen N².poss.case, for those nmod
should be used (following treatment in English of prepositional constructions like "in front of").
_case__ | | Meн кадайым-биле киноже чорук баар мен. I wife-with cinema.ALL go AUX.AOR.
______case________ | | Бис бүгү чүвени сээң чугаалааның ёзугаар кылган бис We all thing.ACC you.GEN say.GER.2SG.NOM according.to do.PAST.2PL
cc
: coordinating conjunction
For more on coordination, see the conj relation. A cc is the relation between the first conjunct and the coordinating conjunction delimiting another conjunct. (Note: different dependency grammars have different treatments of coordination. We take the last conjunct as the head of the coordination.)
___________________________conj_______ | ____________cc__________________ | | | _______conj_____ | | | | | __cc__ | | | | | | | | | | | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді All people free and dignity and rights equal being world.DAT come.PAST "All people are born free in dignity and rights."
*ccomp
: clausal complement
Reported speech (with де-)
________conj______ _____ccomp________ | || | «Төрге шық, тамақ іш », - демепті. place.DAT go.IMP food.NOM drink.IMP say.NEG.IFI.EVID.3SG "go back to the tör and eat!" they did not say."
cmpnd
: compound
cmpnd
is used for noun compounds. Nouns should modify the next noun in the compound in order to respect the branching structure.
Most uses of attr
will be tagged with cmpnd
:
Nouns in the izafet construction (e.g. possessive on the final noun) should not get the cmpnd
tag.
__cmpnd_ ___cmpnd___ | | | | Мартан-оол март айдан сентябрь айга чедир Кызылга чурттап турган . Martan-ool March month.ABL September month.DAT until Kyzyl.DAT live.PRC.PERF sit.PAST Мартан-оол март аеннан сентябрь аена кадәр Кызылда яшәгән . Martan-ool March month.3.ABL September month.3.DAT until Kyzyl.LOC live.PAST.3SG (Note 3 person possessives, hence no cmpnd labels). "Martan-ool was living in Kyzyl from March until September"
The cmpnd
label should also be used for strings of numerals:
conj
: conjunct
A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, etc. We treat conjunctions asymmetrically: The head of the relation is the last conjunct and all the other conjuncts depend on it via the conj relation. Note that this differs from the UD practice of putting the head as the first conjunct. See here for a discussion on this.
___________________________conj_______ | ____________cc__________________ | | | _______conj_____ | | | | | __cc__ | | | | | | | | | | | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді All people free and dignity and rights equal being world.DAT come.PAST "All people are born free in dignity and rights."
cop
: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb to be (only). (We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement.)
The copula be is not treated as the head of a clause, but rather the dependent of a lexical predicate.
In Turkic the copula is either бол or э. Third person copula forms in the present tense are not shown in the surface forms, but may be included by morphological analysers. In the following, ·
denotes a contraction boundary which is not present in the orthography):
- Aorist copula (-Ø suffix)
ROOT | _subj_ | | | | Меңээ ном херек I.DAT book necessary ROOT | __subj_ | cop | | | | | Меңээ ном херек·ø I.DAT book necessary·is "I need a book"
- Existentials with "бар" and "чок"
cop | | Бо бажыңда он үш квартира бар·ø This house.LOC ten three flat existing.are
- Aorist copula (with personal suffix)
_cop_ | | Кызылга ынак мен Kyzyl.DAT favourite.am "Kyzyl is my favourite"
- Aorist evidential copula (-DIr suffix)
ROOT | _______cop_____ | | | __det__ __nmod_ | | ____subj___ | | | | | | | | | | Бо институттуң директору Мерген·дир This institute.GEN director.3SG Mergen·is
- Freestanding copula with "бол"
| Мээң аас-кежик чогумдан шупту чүве болган . I.GEN happiness not.1SG.ABL all thing was "all of my troubles were due to the fact that I have no joy."
csubj
: unused
csubjpass
: unused
*x
(dep
): unspecified dependency
det
: determiner
The relation determiner (det
) holds between a nominal head and its determiner. Most commonly, a word of POS det
will have the relation det
and vice versa.
__det__ | | Баяғыда біреу той жасапты , тойға көп кісі жиналыпты , Қожа да келіпті . Long.ago someone feast make.PAST , feast.DAT a.lot people get.together.PAST , Koža also come.PAST.EVID "A long time ago someone had a feast, a lot of people came to the feast, and Koža also came."
disc
: discourse element
This is used for interjections and other discourse words and elements (which are not clearly linked to the structure of the sentence, except in an expressive way).
The disc
label is used for clitic words, including the question word (ма-, ба-, etc.).
disl
: unused
*obj
: direct object
The direct object of a verb is the noun phrase that denotes the entity acted upon.
In Turkic languages the direct object will be marked with either the acc
(if definite) or nom
(if indefinite) cases.
expl
: unused
*barb
(foreign
): foreign words
goeswith
: unused
*arg
(iobj
): argument which is not the direct object
*list
: list
*mark
: marker
mwe
: unused
name
: name
Multiword named entities are marked as name (Владимир Карбый-оолович Чооду): the last element (Чооду) is the head, and all the other elements are attached to the one to its right with the relation name.
___________________x____________________ | | | ____name__ ___name__ | | | | | | | Культура бажыңының директору Роберт Адар-оолович Аракчаа. Culture house.3SG.GEN director.3SG Robert Adar-oolovič Arakčaa. "The director of the cultural centre is Robert Adar-oolovič Arakčaa."
neg
: unused
*nmod
: nominal modifier
nmod is a noun (or noun phrase) functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct. This means that it functionally corresponds to an adverbial when it attaches to a verb, adjective or other adverb. But when attaching to a noun, it corresponds to an attribute, or genitive complement (the terms are less standardized here).
*subj
(nsubj
): (nominal) subject
nsubjpass
: unused
*nummod
: numeric modifier
A numeric modifier of a noun is any number phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the noun with a quantity.
_nummod_ | | Бразилия өз жерінде чемпионатты екі рет өткізген бесінші ел болды (Мексика, Италия, Франция және Германиядан кейін). Brazil self land.3sg.LOC championship.ACC two time fifth country was (Mexico, Italy, France and Germany.ABL after)
Ordinals should not get this relation (see amod
).
*parataxis
: parataxis
Side-by-side sentences
When two sentences share no relation but are written together in a single sentence (delimited by comma or semicolon or something) then we use the relation parataxis
.
_________________________________________parataxis_______________________________________ | | Футболдан әлем чемпионаты 2014 — ФИФА-ның 20-шы футболдан әлем чемпионаты, финалдық кезеңі 2014 жылдың 12 маусым мен 13 шілде күндері аралығында Бразилияда өтті.
*punct
: punctuation
*relcl
: Relative clause modifier
remnant
: remnant
The remnant relation is used to provide a satisfactory treatment of ellipsis (in the case of gapping and stripping, where a predicational or verbal head gets elided) without having to postulate empty nodes in the basic representation.
UD adopts an analysis that notes that in ellipsis a remnant corresponds to a correlate in a preceding clause. The remnant relation connects each remnant to its correlate in the basic dependency representation. This is then a sufficient representation to reconstruct the predicate-argument structure in the enhanced representation.
_________remnant____________ | | | _________________|___________remnant___________________________ | | | | | | | | Ашылу матчы Сан-Паулуда, ал финалы Рио-де-Жанейродағы Маракана стадионында орын алды. Opening match San-Paulo.LOC, and final.3Sg Rio-de-Janeiro.LOC.ATTR Marcana stadium.LOC place.take. "The opening match took place in San Paulo and the final match took place in Rio de Janeiro's Marcana stadium."