Dependency parsing for Turkic

advcl: adverbial clause modifier

Adverbial clause modifiers (advcl) are subordinate clauses that are not complements. Also non-complement infinitival or temporal clauses and non-complement participles modifying verbs are marked as advcl.

In Turkic, verbal adverbs (gna_) will take this label if they modify a main verb.

    
            ________________________advcl_____________________________
           |                                                          |
Ном      номчааш,       ол   кижиниң        чуртталгазын шуптузун   билип          алдым.  
book.ACC read.GNA.PAST, that person.GEN     life.3.ACC   all.3.ACC  know.PRC.PERF  make.PAST.1SG   

            ________________________advcl__________________________________
           |                                                               |
Китапны  укыгач,        ул   кешенең     тормышы     турында барысын да  белдем.
book.ACC read.GNA.PAST, that person.GEN  life.3.NOM  about   all.3.ACC   know.PAST.1SG

"Having read the book, I found out everything about that person's life."

Note that unless there is a separate subject for the "subordinate" clause, the subject will be the same as for the main clause, but is not directly connected.

advmod: adverb modifier

The dependency type advmod is used for adverb modifiers of verbs, nominals and adverbs alike.

                         _advmod_
                        |        |
Света келзе,     мени  удавас чедип          келир        деп    дамчыдыңар.
Sveta come.COND, I.ACC soon   reach.PRC.PERF come.PRC.AOR COMP   tell.IMP.PL

                                           __advmod_
                                          |         |
Света килсә,     <name of the speaker>  тиздән кайтып җитә        деп    әйтегез.
Sveta come.COND,                        soon   return.PRES.3sg.   COMP   tell.IMP.PL

"If Sveta comes, tell her I'll return soon."

amod: adjectival modifier

Nouns may take adjectival modifiers, which are marked with the dependency type amod. It is also possible for an adjective to take another adjective as a modifier. (These adjectival modifiers are generally expressed with -ly adverbs in English.)

             _____amod_____
             |            |
Мергенде   солун        номнар  бар.
Mergen.LOC interesting  book.PL existing.

             _____amod_____
             |            |
Мәргәндә   кызыклы      китаплар  бар.
Mergen.LOC interesting  book.PL   existing.

"Mergen has some interesting books."

*appos: appositional modifier

An appositional modifier of a noun is a nominal immediately following the first noun that serves to define or modify that noun. It includes examples in parentheses, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.

*aux: auxiliary

An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause, e.g. one of тур-, кел-, ал- etc. The main verb in the case of auxiliary use is the participle (prc_).

case: case

The dependency type case is used for the postposition in postpositional phrases. The head of an postpositional phrase is the nominal, not the postposition, so as to analyse postpositional phrases similarly to nominal modifiers without a postposition (e.g. when using local "cases") To the same end, the type case is used in combination with the type nmod, which is also used for nominal modifiers when no adposition is present (see nmod).

Note that case is not used with auxiliary nouns (sometimes called "postpositions") in the form of N¹.gen N².poss.case, for those nmod should be used (following treatment in English of prepositional constructions like "in front of").

       _case__
       |     |
Meн кадайым-биле киноже      чорук баар мен.
I   wife-with    cinema.ALL  go    AUX.AOR.

                                  ______case________
                                 |                 |
Бис бүгү чүвени     сээң     чугаалааның        ёзугаар         кылган бис
We  all  thing.ACC  you.GEN  say.GER.2SG.NOM    according.to    do.PAST.2PL

cmpnd: compound

cmpnd is used for noun compounds. Nouns should modify the next noun in the compound in order to respect the branching structure.

Most uses of attr will be tagged with cmpnd:

Nouns in the izafet construction (e.g. possessive on the final noun) should not get the cmpnd tag.

            __cmpnd_            ___cmpnd___
           |        |           |         |
Мартан-оол март  айдан      сентябрь   айга      чедир   Кызылга    чурттап        турган . 
Martan-ool March month.ABL  September  month.DAT until   Kyzyl.DAT  live.PRC.PERF  sit.PAST

Мартан-оол март  аеннан      сентябрь   аена        кадәр   Кызылда    яшәгән . 
Martan-ool March month.3.ABL September  month.3.DAT until   Kyzyl.LOC  live.PAST.3SG
(Note 3 person possessives, hence no cmpnd labels).

"Martan-ool was living in Kyzyl from March until September"

cop: copula

A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb to be (only). (We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement.)

The copula be is not treated as the head of a clause, but rather the dependent of a lexical predicate.

In Turkic the copula is either бол or э. Third person copula forms in the present tense are not shown in the surface forms, but may be included by morphological analysers. In the following, · denotes a contraction boundary which is not present in the orthography):

Aorist copula (-Ø suffix)

             
                ROOT
                  |
          _subj_  |
         |      | |
Меңээ   ном    херек
I.DAT   book   necessary

                ROOT
                 |
         __subj_ | cop
         |     | | | |
Меңээ   ном    херек·ø
I.DAT   book   necessary·is

"I need a book"

Existentials with "бар" and "чок"

                                      cop
                                     |  |
Бо   бажыңда   он  үш      квартира бар·ø 
This house.LOC ten three   flat     existing.are

Aorist copula (with personal suffix)

             _cop_
             |   |
Кызылга    ынак мен
Kyzyl.DAT  favourite.am

"Kyzyl is my favourite"

Aorist evidential copula (-DIr suffix)

                       ROOT
                        |   _______cop_____
                        |  |               |
 __det__      __nmod_   |  |  ____subj___  |
 |     |     |       |  |  | |          |  |
Бо   институттуң     директору     Мерген·дир
This institute.GEN   director.3SG  Mergen·is

Freestanding copula with "бол"

                                              |
Мээң   аас-кежик  чогумдан     шупту чүве   болган .
I.GEN  happiness  not.1SG.ABL  all   thing  was

"all of my troubles were due to the fact that I have no joy."

name: name

Multiword named entities are marked as name (Владимир Карбый-оолович Чооду): the last element (Чооду) is the head, and all the other elements are attached to the one to its right with the relation name.

 
                              ___________________x____________________
                              |                                      |
                              |            ____name__    ___name__   |
                              |           |          |  |         |  | 
Культура   бажыңының      директору     Роберт   Адар-оолович   Аракчаа.
Culture    house.3SG.GEN  director.3SG  Robert   Adar-oolovič   Arakčaa.

"The director of the cultural centre is Robert Adar-oolovič Arakčaa."

*nmod: nominal modifier

nmod is a noun (or noun phrase) functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct. This means that it functionally corresponds to an adverbial when it attaches to a verb, adjective or other adverb. But when attaching to a noun, it corresponds to an attribute, or genitive complement (the terms are less standardized here).

remnant: remnant

The remnant relation is used to provide a satisfactory treatment of ellipsis (in the case of gapping and stripping, where a predicational or verbal head gets elided) without having to postulate empty nodes in the basic representation.

UD adopts an analysis that notes that in ellipsis a remnant corresponds to a correlate in a preceding clause. The remnant relation connects each remnant to its correlate in the basic dependency representation. This is then a sufficient representation to reconstruct the predicate-argument structure in the enhanced representation.

          _________remnant____________
          |                          |
          |         _________________|___________remnant___________________________
          |        |                 |                                            |
          |        |                 |                                            |
Ашылу    матчы Сан-Паулуда,   ал  финалы     Рио-де-Жанейродағы       Маракана стадионында   орын алды.
Opening  match San-Paulo.LOC, and final.3Sg  Rio-de-Janeiro.LOC.ATTR  Marcana  stadium.LOC   place.take.

"The opening match took place in San Paulo and the final match took place in Rio de Janeiro's Marcana stadium."