Northern Sámi and Norwegian/Derivations

This page describes the general mechanism for handling derivations in sme-nob, then summarised the derivations handled (and how they are dealt with).

Derivations: general rules and exceptions

Sámi has a lot of derivation rules. There are various strategies used for translating these:

1. We can lexicalise the sme derivation – this is the easiest, safest and leads to the best translations
2. We can use a transfer rule which might add some periphrasis and/or change the form of the main word
   • geavahit.V.Der/Actor.N.Pl → de som bruker
   • lohkat.V.Der/goahti.1SG.Pret → begynte å lese
3. We can put the full specific analysis in bidix to override the general translation, like translating geavahit.V.Der/Actor.N.Pl into bruker<n><m><pl>
   • DEPRECATED – we should move away from this method, it leads to too much transfer complexity, and might not even work if the bidix pardef also has the full path (making the bidix entry ambiguous). Much better to just lexicalise.
4. We can tag-relabel so that the derivation looks like a compound
   • DEPRECATED – we used to do this with Der/goahti (lohkagohten→lese+begynte→begynte å lese), but it works just fine with the regular transfer method, so no need to have yet another method.

Removing unhandled derivations from the analyser

Any derivations that are not handled we remove from the analyser with a twol negation rule in rm-deriv-cmp.twol

UnhandledDerivations /<= _ ; ! fail if analysis contains a tag from the set UnhandledDerivations

Derivations of derivations are removed with this rule (if these are ever needed, we should just lexicalise):

Derivation /<= Derivation+ PartOfSpeech+ _ ;

since double derivations are not handled either unless there are explicit transfer rules for them. This makes the lexicon a lot easier to handle for testvoc. Summary of fallbacks below contains the list of derivations that are and aren't handled.

Summary of fallbacks

(Tags used here are a bit outdated.)

• N.Der_Dimin.N
  • N->N (diminutive), passes through as if nothing happened (although we could add "lille" or something)

• A.Der_vuohta.N
  • Adj->N, gets adj.def, ("grunn"->"det grunne")
  • typical override: "fattig"->"fattigdom"
• A.Der_at.Adv
  • Adj->Adv, gets adj.posi.nt.sg.ind ("vid" -> "vidt")

• V.Der_goahti.V
  • turns into two words, eg. ^lohkagohten/lohkat<V><TV><Der3>+goahti<V><Ind><Prt><Sg1>$

• V.Der_PassL.V
  • V->V (passive), add the "pass" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
• V.Der_j.V.Der_PassL.V
  • V->V (passive), add the "pass" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
  • TODO: what does Der_j add to the meaning? (ignored for now)
  • Double derivation, has exception in dev/xfst2apertium.useless.twol (inner PoS tag removed in order to "flatten" it)
• V.Der_PassL.V.Der_n.N
  • V->N (via passive), for now just outputs the plain passive infinitive (ideally should be able to enter noun phrase rules)
  • Double derivation, has exception in dev/xfst2apertium.useless.twol (inner PoS tag removed in order to "flatten" it)
• V.Der_PassS.V
  • V->V (passive), add the "pass" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
• V.Der2.Der_halla.V
  • V->V (passive), add the "pass" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule. Verb is tagged <ill-av> since the agent is illiative with halla-verbs
• V.Der_h.V
  • V->V (causative), add the "caus" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
• V.Der_ahtti.V
  • V->V (causative), add the "caus" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
• V.Der_d.V
  • V->V (reflexive), add the "ref" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
• V.Der_alla.V
  • V->V (reflexive), add the "ref" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule

• V.Der_st.V
  • V->V (diminutive), passes through as if nothing happened (although we could add the adverb "litt"?)

• V.Der_n.N
  • V->N, gets adj.pprs
• V.Der2.Der_las
  • V->Adj, gets adj.pprs ("gi"->"givende")
  • typical override: gi->generøs

• V.Actor.N
  • V->N (actor), gets vblex.pres.m (could tag TD instead of pres, and select between pres and pret based on earlier finite verb, TODO)
• V.Der_j.Actor.N
  • V->N (actor), as above
  • TODO: what does Der/j add to the meaning? (ignored for now)
• V.Der_eapmi.N
  • V->N (action/process), gets vblex.inf.nt
  • typical override: "seile"->"seiling"
• V.Der_muš.N
  • V->N (action/process), gets vblex.inf.nt

Der-tag hitparade

(counts of analyses, not forms, so probably a bit skewed, but gives an idea)

165550 <der_nomact>
103985 <der_nomag>
60906 <der_h>
50394 <der_laš>
49664 <der_dimin>
40246 <der_vuohta>
34868 <der_d>
29189 <der_passs>
23625 <der_passl>
17455 <der_st>
11718 <der_at>
11292 <der_heapmi>
10369 <der_alla>
5793 <der_l>
3542 <der_t>
3459 <der_ahtti>
3199 <der_muš>
2917 <der_halla>
2009 <der_huvva>
1355 <der_meahttun>
1208 <der_lágan>
978 <der_stuvva>
925 <der_las>
844 <der_a>
777 <der_upmi>
471 <der_saš>
421 <der_huhtti>
230 <der_adda>
150 <der_asti>
126 <der_veara>
44 <der_geahtes>
31 <der_easti>
22 <der_keahtta>
18 <der_adv>
16 <der_nammasaš>
8 <der_jagáš>
8 <der_ár>
4 <der_stávval>
4 <der_lágaš>
4 <der_dáfot>
3 <der_eamoš>

Derivation tags and their meanings

Note: Við eigum að breyta mörk neðan af því að það er ekki hægt að nota /. í mörkum í apertium. En þá eigum við að breyta CG líka...

Tag	Type	Example	in Bokmål
Der/Dimin	N→N[diminutive]	mánáš "mánná" N Der1 Der/Dimin N Sg Nom	barn→lite barn
Der/1 Der/st	V→V[diminutive]	attestit "addit" V TV Der1 Der/st V Inf	gi→gi litt
Der/st	Diminutive V→V	oainnestit, várástit "várát" V TV Der1 Der/st V	se→skimte (add "litt"?)
Der/adda	V→N.PrfPrc.Actio	bassaladdan "bassalit" V* TV Der2 Der/adda	→vaske tøy (bassat=vaske)
Der/ahtti	V→V	vajálduhttit "vajálduvvat" V* IV* Der2 Der/ahtti V TV	→overse/glemme
Der/alla	suffix	bázáhallan "bázihit" V* TV Der2 Der/alla V Actio	→
Der/amoš	suffix	muitalamoš "muitalit" V TV Der3 Der/amoš N Sg Nom	fortelle→
Der/asti	suffix	muitalastit "muitalit" V TV Der2 Der/asti V Inf	fortelle→
Der/at	Adj→Adv	viidát "viiddis" A* Der2 Der/at Adv	vid→vidt
Der/d	V→V[refl]	basadit "bassat" V TV Der1 Der/d V	vaske→vaske seg
Der/eaddji	V→N.Actor	muitaleaddji "muitalit" V TV Der2 Actor N Sg Nom	fortelle→forteller
Der/eamoš	suffix	muitaleamoš "muitalit" V* TV Der3 Der/eamoš	fortelle→
Der/eapmi	V→N	deaivvadeapmi "deaivvadit" V IV Der2 Der/eapmi N Sg Nom	møte(V)→møte(N), feire→feiring
Der/easti	suffix	muitaleastit "muitalit" V TV Der2 Der/easti V Inf	fortelle →
Der/geahtes	suffix	eaiggátkeahtes "eaiggát" N* Der3 Der/geahtes	eier →
Der/goahti	V→V Inchoative	boradišgohten "boradit" V TV Der3 Der/goahti V Ind Prt Sg1	spise → jeg begynte å spise
Der/h	suffix	geavaheaddji "geavvat" V* IV* Der1 Der/h V* TV Der2 Actor; orrohit "orrot" V* IV Der1 Der/h V	heve seg→ ; bli/synes→
Der/halla	V→V[recip]	gulahallat "gullat" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/halla	høre→forstå hverandre («høre hverandre»?)
Der/heapmi	suffix	čađaheapmi "čađđa" N* Der1 Der2 Der/heapmi A	→
Der/huhtti	suffix	muosehuhttit "muoseheapme" A* Der1 Der/huhtti V* TV	urolig→
Der/huvva	suffix	čađahuvvo "čađđa" N* Der1 Der2 Der/huvva V IV Imprt Prs ConNegII	→
Der/j	suffix	sáddejuvvot "sáddet" V* TV Der1 Der/j V* Der2 Der/PassL V	sende→
Der1 Der/l	V→V[subitive]	borralit "borralit" V TV Der1 Der/l V	spise→spise (i hast)
Der/l	????	ohcalit "ohcat" V* TV Der1 Der/l V	lete→savne/lengte etter
Der/las	V→Adj	addálas "addit" V TV Der1 Der2 Der/las A	gi→generøs
Der/laš	N→Adj	dábálaš "dáhpi" N Der1 Der/laš A Sg Nom	skikk→vanlig
Der/lágan	suffix	earálágan "eará" Pron Indef Sg Gen Der1 Der/lágan A	annen/andre→
Der/meahttun	V→Adj[Neg]	jáhkkemeahttun "jáhkkit" V TV Der1 Der/meahttun A Sg Nom	tro/anta→utrolig
Der/muš	suffix	??? "juhkat" V TV Der3 Der/muš N Sg Nom	drikke→
Der/n	suffix	oažžun "oažžut" V* TV Der3 Der/n N	få→?
Der/stuvva	suffix	fuolastuvvat "fuollat" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/stuvva V	bry seg om→
Der/supmi	suffix	čállosupmi "čállit" V* TV Der2 Der/PassL V* Der3 Der/supmi N	skrive/...→
Der/upmi	suffix	mearkkašupmi "mearkkašit" V* TV Der2 Der/PassL V* Der3 Der/upmi	merge seg→
Der/viđá	suffix	málestanviđá "málet" V TV Der1 Der/st V Der2 Der/eapmi N SgCmp Der/viđá Adv	male→
Der/vuohta	Adj→N	ráhkisvuohta "ráhkis" A Der3 Der/vuohta N Sg Nom	kjær→kjærlighet
Der/veara	N→Adj	mearkkašanveara "mearkkašeapmi" N SgCmp Der3 Der/veara A	merknad→markert?