User:Sushain/SemeticLanguages

The Semetic languages (sem) constitute a language family and a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Spoken by more than 470 million people throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia, the most widely spoken Semetic languages are Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew, Amharic, and Tigrigna.

The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.

Status

The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Semetic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.

Transducers

Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".

name	language	native name	ISO 639		formalism	state	stems	paradigms	coverage	location	primary authors
			-2	-3
apertium-ara	Arabic	العربية	ar	ara	?	?	?	?		?	?
apertium-heb	Hebrew	עִבְרִית	he	heb	?	?	?	?		?	?
apertium-mlt	Maltese	Malti	mt	mlt	?	?	?	?		?	?

Semetic languages by subgroup

There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages:

• East Semitic languages: Akkadian, Eblaite (extinct)
• Central Semitic languages
  • Northwest Semitic languages: Aramaic, Canaanite languages, Hebrew
  • Arabic languages: Classical Arabic, Standard Arabic, Maltese, etc.
• South Semitic languages
  • Western: Ethiopic languages (Amharic, Tigrinya, etc.) and Old South Arabian languages (Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabānian, Ḥaḑramitic, etc.)
  • Eastern: Modern South Arabian languages (Bathari, Harsusi, Hobyót, Mehri, Shehri, Soqotri)

Existing language pairs

Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk.

	mlt	heb	ara
mlt	-	mt-he 3,634	mt-ar 7,570
heb	mt-he 3,634	-	ara-heb 131
ara	mt-ar 7,570	ara-heb 131	-
eng	en-mt 814
epo		eo-he 1,505

	mlt	heb	ara
mlt	-	mt-he	mt-ar
heb	mt-he	-	ara-heb
ara	mt-ar	ara-heb	-
eng	en-mt
epo		eo-he

Samples

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Language	Text
Maltese	Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ħielsa u ugwali fid-dinjità u d-drittijiet. Huma mogħnija bir-raġuni u bil-kuxjenza u għandhom iġibu ruħhom ma’ xulxin bi spirtu ta’ aħwa.
Hebrew	כל בני אדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחוה.
Arabic	يولد جميع الناس أحرارًا متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق. وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميرًا وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضًا بروح الإخاء.

Vulnerability

This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Semetic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’.

Language	ISO639-3	UNESCO		Ethnologue
		Areas	Vulnerability	Speakers	Status	Location
Tigrigna	tir	?	?	4,320,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 2,820,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 6,915,000.	2 (Provincial)	Ethiopia
Amharic	amh	?	?	21,600,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 14,750,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 21,811,560.	1 (National)	Ethiopia
Hebrew	heb	?	?	4,850,000 in Israel (1998). Population total all countries: 5,302,770.	1 (National)	Israel
Maltese	mlt	?	?	300,000 in Malta (Katzner 1975). Population total all countries: 429,000.	1 (National)	Malta
Arabic, Standard	arb	?	?	206,000,000 L1 speakers of all Arabic varieties (Wiesenfeld 1999).	1 (National)	Saudi Arabia

Language	ISO639-3	Areas	Vulnerability
Ge'ez	gez	Ethiopia	5 - Extinct
Mlahso (Syria)	lhs	Syrian Arab Republic	5 - Extinct
Lishanid Noshan (Iraq)	aij	Iraq	5 - Extinct
Lishana Deni (Iraq)	lsd	Iraq	5 - Extinct
Lishan Didan (Iran)	trg	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	5 - Extinct
Hulaula (Iran)	huy	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	5 - Extinct
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic (Iraq)	bjf	Iraq	5 - Extinct
Bathari	bhm	Oman	4 - Critically endangered
Argobba	agj	Ethiopia	4 - Critically endangered
Mandaic	mid	Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq	4 - Critically endangered
Senaya	syn	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	4 - Critically endangered
Hértevin	hrt	Turkey	4 - Critically endangered
Soqotri	sqt	Yemen	3 - Severely endangered
Jibbali	shv	Oman	3 - Severely endangered
Hobyot	hoh	Oman, Yemen	3 - Severely endangered
Zay	zwa	Ethiopia	3 - Severely endangered
Tunisian Judeo-Arabic (Israel)	ajt	Israel	3 - Severely endangered
Cypriot Arabic	acy	Cyprus	3 - Severely endangered
Turoyo	tru	Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey	3 - Severely endangered
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic	bhn	Georgia, Russian Federation	3 - Severely endangered
Mehri	gdq	Oman, Yemen	2 - Definitely endangered
Harsusi	hss	Oman	2 - Definitely endangered
Moroccan Judeo-Arabic (Israel)	aju	Israel	2 - Definitely endangered
Western Neo-Aramaic	amw	Syrian Arab Republic	2 - Definitely endangered

Language	ISO639-3	UNESCO		Ethnologue
		Areas	Vulnerability	Speakers	Status	Location
Mesmes	mys	?	?	No remaining speakers.	10 (Extinct)	Ethiopia
Mandaic, Classical	myz	?	?	No remaining speakers.	10 (Extinct)	Iran
Mlahsö	lhs	Syrian Arab Republic	5 (Extinct)	No remaining speakers.	10 (Extinct)	Syria
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic	tmr	?	?	No remaining speakers.	10 (Extinct)	Iraq
Geez	gez	Ethiopia	5 (Extinct)	No known L1 speakers in Ethiopia.	9 (Second language only)	Ethiopia
Samaritan	smp	?	?	No known L1 speakers in Palestine. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi).	9 (Dormant)	Palestine
Hebrew, Ancient	hbo	?	?	No known L1 speakers.	9 (Dormant)	Israel
Samaritan Aramaic	sam	?	?	No known L1 speakers in Palestine. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi).	9 (Dormant)	Palestine
Syriac	syc	?	?	No known L1 speakers.	9 (Dormant)	Turkey
Soqotri	sqt	Yemen	3 (Severely endangered)	57,000 in Yemen (1990 census). Population total all countries: 64,000.	8a (Moribund)	Yemen
Hobyót	hoh	Oman, Yemen	3 (Severely endangered)	100 (1998 H. Mutzafi).	8a (Moribund)	Oman
Bathari	bhm	Oman	4 (Critically endangered)	200 in Oman (2011).	8b (Nearly extinct)	Oman
Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken	auz	?	?	700.	8a (Moribund)	Uzbekistan
Senaya	syn	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	4 (Critically endangered)	60 in Iran (1997 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 460.	8b (Nearly extinct)	Iran
Hulaulá	huy	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	5 (Extinct)	10,000 in Israel (1999 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 10,350.	8a (Moribund)	Israel
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic	bjf	Iraq	5 (Extinct)	20 (2004 H. Mutzafi).	8b (Nearly extinct)	Israel
Mehri	gdq	Oman, Yemen	2 (Definitely endangered)	50,000 in Yemen (2011). Population total all countries: 115,200.	7 (Shifting)	Yemen
Harsusi	hss	Oman	2 (Definitely endangered)	600 (2011).	7 (Shifting)	Oman
Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian	ajt	Israel	3 (Severely endangered)	45,000 in Israel (1995 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 45,500.	7 (Shifting)	Israel
Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian	yud	?	?	30,000 in Israel (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 35,000.	7 (Shifting)	Israel
Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan	aju	Israel	2 (Definitely endangered)	250,000 in Israel (1992 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 258,930.	7 (Shifting)	Israel
Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi	yhd	?	?	100,000 in Israel (1994). Population total all countries: 151,820.	7 (Shifting)	Israel
Arabic, Cypriot Spoken	acy	Cyprus	3 (Severely endangered)	1,300 (1995). Ethnic population: 6,000 in Cypriot Maronite ethnic group, 140 Maronites in Kormatiki, 80 to 100 in Limassol, the rest in the Maronite community in Nicosia.	7 (Shifting)	Cyprus
Western Neo-Aramaic	amw	Syrian Arab Republic	2 (Definitely endangered)	15,000 (1996). 8,000 in Maaloula.	7 (Shifting)	Syria
Mandaic	mid	Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq	4 (Critically endangered)	5,000 in Iraq (2006). Population total all countries: 5,500. Ethnic population: 30,000.	7 (Shifting)	Iraq
Lishanid Noshan	aij	Iraq	5 (Extinct)	2,200 (1994 H. Mutzafi).	7 (Shifting)	Israel
Lishana Deni	lsd	Iraq	5 (Extinct)	7,500 (1999 H. Mutzafi). Ethnic population: 9,060.	7 (Shifting)	Israel
Lishán Didán	trg	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	5 (Extinct)	4,230 in Israel (2001). Population total all countries: 4,450.	7 (Shifting)	Israel
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	cld	?	?	100,000 in Iraq (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 206,000.	7 (Shifting)	Iraq
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic	bhn	Georgia, Russian Federation	3 (Severely endangered)	1,000 in Georgia (1999 S. Fox).	7 (Shifting)	Georgia
Shehri	shv	Oman	3 (Severely endangered)	25,000 (1993 census).	6b (Threatened)	Oman
Zay	zwa	Ethiopia	3 (Severely endangered)	4,880 (1994 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,880.	6b (Threatened)	Ethiopia
Wolane	wle	?	?	?	6a (Vigorous)	Ethiopia
Harari	har	?	?	25,800 (2007 census). 2,350 monolinguals. 20,000 in Addis Ababa, outside Harar City (Hetzron 1997:486).	6a (Vigorous)	Ethiopia
Argobba	agj	Ethiopia	4 (Critically endangered)	43,700 (2007 census). 100 monolinguals.	6b (Threatened)	Ethiopia
Mesqan	mvz	?	?	195,000 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 205,000 (Woreda Farmers’ Cooperatives Office).	6a (Vigorous)	Ethiopia
Inor	ior	?	?	280,000. 50,000 Endegeny.	6a (Vigorous)	Ethiopia
Kistane	gru	?	?	255,000 (1994 census). Ethnic population: 364,000 (1994 census) including 4,000 Gogot.	6a (Vigorous)	Ethiopia
Dahalik	dlk	?	?	2,500 (2012 J. McLaughlin).	6a (Vigorous)	Eritrea
Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken	acq	?	?	6,760,000 in Yemen (1996). Population total all countries: 7,078,500.	6a (Vigorous)	Yemen
Arabic, Tajiki Spoken	abh	?	?	1,000 in Tajikistan. Population total all countries: 6,000.	6b (Threatened)	Tajikistan
Arabic, Shihhi Spoken	ssh	?	?	5,000 in United Arab Emirates (1995). Population total all countries: 27,000.	6a (Vigorous)	United Arab Emirates
Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken	aec	?	?	19,000,000 (2006).	6a (Vigorous)	Egypt
Arabic, Sanaani Spoken	ayn	?	?	7,600,000 (1996).	6a (Vigorous)	Yemen
Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken	ayp	?	?	5,400,000 in Iraq (1992). Population total all countries: 6,300,000.	6a (Vigorous)	Iraq
Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni	jye	?	?	50,000 in Israel (1995 Y. Kara). Population total all countries: 51,000.	6a (Vigorous)	Israel
Arabic, Hijazi Spoken	acw	?	?	6,000,000 in Saudi Arabia (1996). Population total all countries: 6,023,900.	6a (Vigorous)	Saudi Arabia
Arabic, Hadrami Spoken	ayh	?	?	300,000 in Yemen (1995). Population total all countries: 410,000.	6a (Vigorous)	Yemen
Arabic, Gulf Spoken	afb	?	?	40,000 in Iraq. Population total all countries: 3,601,000.	6a (Vigorous)	Iraq
Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken	avl	?	?	860,000 in Egypt (2006). Population total all countries: 1,690,000.	6a (Vigorous)	Egypt
Arabic, Dhofari Spoken	adf	?	?	70,000 (1996).	6a (Vigorous)	Oman
Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken	aao	?	?	100,000 in Algeria (1996). Population total all countries: 130,500.	6a (Vigorous)	Algeria
Turoyo	tru	Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey	3 (Severely endangered)	3,000 in Turkey (1994 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 62,000. Ethnic population: 50,000–70,000 (1994).	6b (Threatened)	Turkey
Koy Sanjaq Surat	kqd	?	?	800 (1995 H. Mutzafi).	6a (Vigorous)	Iraq
Hértevin	hrt	Turkey	4 (Critically endangered)	1,000 (1999 H. Mutzafi).	6a (Vigorous)	Turkey
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	aii	?	?	30,000 in Iraq (1994). Population total all countries: 232,300. Ethnic population: 4,250,000 (1994).	6b (Threatened)	Iraq
Sebat Bet Gurage	sgw	?	?	440000. Chaha 130,000, Gura 20,000, Muher 90,000, Gyeto 80,000, Ezha 120,000.	5 (Developing)	Ethiopia
Arabic, Omani Spoken	acx	?	?	720,000 in Oman (1996). Population total all countries: 853,900.	5 (Developing)	Oman
Silt’e	stv	?	?	935,000 (2007 census).	4 (Educational)	Ethiopia
Tigré	tig	?	?	1,050,000 in Eritrea (2006), increasing.	4 (Educational)	Eritrea
Hassaniyya	mey	?	?	2,770,000 in Mauritania (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 3,278,190.	3 (Wider communication)	Mauritania
Arabic, Tunisian Spoken	aeb	?	?	9,000,000 in Tunisia (1995). Population total all countries: 9,406,900.	3 (Wider communication)	Tunisia
Arabic, Sudanese Spoken	apd	?	?	15,000,000 in South Sudan and Sudan. Population total all countries: 1,833,000.	3 (Wider communication)	Sudan
Arabic, South Levantine Spoken	ajp	?	?	3,500,000 in Jordan (1996). Population total all countries: 6,200,000.	3 (Wider communication)	Jordan
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken	apc	?	?	8,800,000 in Syria (1991). 6,000,000 in Lebanese-Central Syrian, 1,000,000 in North Syrian. Population total all countries: 14,426,540.	3 (Wider communication)	Syria
Arabic, Najdi Spoken	ars	?	?	8,000,000 in Saudi Arabia. Population total all countries: 9,670,000.	3 (Wider communication)	Saudi Arabia
Arabic, Moroccan Spoken	ary	?	?	18,800,000 in Morocco (1995). Population total all countries: 21,048,600.	3 (Wider communication)	Morocco
Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken	acm	?	?	11,500,000 in Iraq. Population total all countries: 15,100,000.	3 (Wider communication)	Iraq
Arabic, Libyan Spoken	ayl	?	?	4,000,000 in Libya (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 4,320,500.	3 (Wider communication)	Libya
Arabic, Egyptian Spoken	arz	?	?	52,500,000 in Egypt (2006). Population total all countries: 53,990,000.	3 (Wider communication)	Egypt
Arabic, Chadian Spoken	shu	?	?	896,100 in Chad (2006), increasing. Population total all countries: 1,139,100.	3 (Wider communication)	Chad
Arabic, Baharna Spoken	abv	?	?	300,000 in Bahrain (1995). Population total all countries: 310,000.	3 (Wider communication)	Bahrain
Arabic, Algerian Spoken	arq	?	?	26,000,000 in Algeria (2012 Sherbrooke University), increasing. Population total all countries: 27,997,000.	3 (Wider communication)	Algeria
Tigrigna	tir	?	?	4,320,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 2,820,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 6,915,000.	2 (Provincial)	Ethiopia
Amharic	amh	?	?	21,600,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 14,750,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 21,811,560.	1 (National)	Ethiopia
Hebrew	heb	?	?	4,850,000 in Israel (1998). Population total all countries: 5,302,770.	1 (National)	Israel
Maltese	mlt	?	?	300,000 in Malta (Katzner 1975). Population total all countries: 429,000.	1 (National)	Malta
Arabic, Standard	arb	?	?	206,000,000 L1 speakers of all Arabic varieties (Wiesenfeld 1999).	1 (National)	Saudi Arabia

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Semetic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.