Apertium going SOA

Sample Component Diagram: an Apertium Server implements a XML-RPC interface (and eventually others), that can be accessed using an Apertium Client or a Web Service (the Web Service can be accessed using a REST or a SOAP interface). It's easy then, for external applications written in various languages, to access Apertium's capabilities by using a Web Service (for example, to integrate translation in an Ajax application, in an IM client, in a Translation Service of a large IT service-oriented and geographically distributed infrastructure (for example, to collaborate easier with engineers in an offshore country), and so on).

Sequence Diagram showing how an IM Client can use Apertium Server's capabilities (accessed through a Web Service interface) to implement real-time translation (bot in input and output) of instant messages.

UPDATE: This project has actually moved from branches/gsoc2009/deadbeef/ to trunk/, and its sources are available here: https://apertium.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/apertium/trunk/apertium-service/

A quick web interface to a working prototype of the service is available here: http://www.neuralnoise.com/ApertiumWeb2/

Introduction

The aim of this project is to design and implement a service-oriented architecture for Apertium.

Actually, to translate a big corpus of document, many Apertium processes are created and each one must load the required transducers, grammars etc., causing a waste of resources and, so, a reduction of scalability.

To solve this problem, a solution is to implement an Apertium Service that doesn't need to reload all the resources for every translation task. In addition, this kind of service would be able to handle multiple request at the same time (useful, for example, in a Web 2.0-oriented enviroment), would improve scalability, and could be easily included into existing business processes and integrated in existing IT infrastructures with the minimum effort.

In addition, this project aims also to implement a Web Service acting as a gateway between the Apertium Server and external applications (loading Apertium inside the Web Service itself would be nonsense, since a Web Service is stateless and it wouldn't solve the scalability problem): the Web Service will offer both a SOAP and a REST interface, to make it easier for external applications/services (for example: IM clients, web sites, large IT business processes..) to include translation capabilities without importing the entire Apertium application.

A possible Use Case: an Healthcare organization

This sample shows how Apertium Server's capabilities can be exposed by a Translation Service inside an existing service-oriented IT infrastructure; in this case, the Actor (a non english-speaking Medic) interacts with a manager of Clinical Documents by storing some Health Records: those records often include natural-language text that needs external tools like MetaMap to be mapped on ontologies or concepts. In this case, the non-English natural-language text is first translated in the English language using a Translation Service using Apertium Server, and the result is then given to MetaMap, that maps the now-English text into concepts (then stored in a Knowledge Base for futher analysis).

In Healthcare Information Systems (HIS), to improve external services' access and integration, there's a general trend to implement IT infrastructure based on a SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) model; in this use case, I show how an Healthcare Organization of non English speaking countries can greatly benefit of the integration of a Translation Service implemented using Apertium in their IT infrastructure.

MetaMap is an online application that allows mapping text to UMLS Metathesaurus concepts, which is very useful interoperability among different languages and systems within the biomedical domain. MetaMap Transfer (MMTx) is a Java program that makes MetaMap available to biomedical researchers. Currently MetaMap only works effectively on text written in the English language, which difficult the use of UMLS Metathesaurus to extract concepts from non-English biomedical texts.

A possible solution to this problem is to translate the non-English biomedical texts into English, so MetaMap (and similar Text Mining tools) can effectively work on it.

Service's internals

A possible high-level view of Apertium Server's internals.

A possible efficient and scalable implementation of an Apertium Server can be composed by the following components:

• Authentication Manager: it's needed to authenticate users (using basic HTTP authentication) and it can be interfaced, for example, to an external OpenLDAP server, a DBMS containing users' informations, etc.

• Thread Pooler: an implementation of the Thread Pool pattern: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_pool

• Modes Manager: locates modefiles and parses them in the corresponding sets of instructions

• Object Pooling Factory: an implementation of the Object Pool pattern: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_pool

• Translating Component: using the instructions contained in a mode file (parsed by the Modes Manager component), translates a given text encoded in a certain language into another.

Service's Interface

A possible interface for the Apertium service's functionalities is based on XML-RPC, a remote procedure call protocol which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. The XML-RPC standard is described in detail here: http://www.xmlrpc.com/spec

The list of methods the Apertium RPC service will expose will be probably similar to the following:

• array<string> GetAvailableModes();

• string Translate(string Message, string modeName, string inputEncoding);

TODO: add methods to get Server's current capabilities and load; this is useful to implement some kind of load balancing in the case of a cluster of Apertium Servers

Development status - 22/05/2009

Class Model of the Apertium Service project at the time of this writing

At present, a working prototype of the Apertium Service has been implemented; it reflects the attached UML diagram (click to enlarge);

The project is composed by the following classes/components:

• ApertiumServer: its role is to keep the service running and handle requests (thread pooling, handling priorities etc.); it also maps invoked methods on the classes handling them (translate to ApertiumTranslate and listLanguagePairs to ApertiumListLanguagePairs).

• ApertiumTranslate: handles the translation process; it recreates the Apertium pipeline (including formatting) using the informations contained into mode files, feeds it with user-provided input, and returns the translated message.

• ApertiumListLanguagePairs: returns a list of available modes.

• Modes: handles mode files parsing (both from .mode and modes.xml).

• FunctionMapper: its main role is to execute a specific task of the Apertium pipeline using a specific command contained into a mode.

• ObjectBroker: it's an implementation of the Object Pooling pattern: handles objects' creation and recycling.

At this moment, a working version of the Apertium XML-RPC service is available at http://www.neuralnoise.com:1234/ApertiumServer and it can be easily tested through a simple AJAX interface available at http://www.neuralnoise.com/ApertiumWeb2/

Sample usage: accessing the service from Python

pasquale@dell:~$ python
Python 2.5.4 (r254:67916, Feb 17 2009, 20:16:45) 
[GCC 4.3.3] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import xmlrpclib
>>> proxy = xmlrpclib.ServerProxy("http://www.neuralnoise.com:1234/ApertiumServer")
>>> proxy.listLanguagePairs()
['en-eo', 'es-en', 'en-es']
>>> proxy.translate("Hello world", "en-es")
'Hola Mundo'
>>> 

CURRENT ISSUE I'M GOING TO SOLVE ASAP: actually, LTToolBox and Apertium's {de, re}formatters are using GNU Flex to generate a lexical scanner; the deployed version of the Apertium Service is using Flex too, but in C++ mode, since I needed to have multiple concurrent (i.e. thread safe) lexical scanners running at the same time. The problem is that Flex, when used in C++ mode, doesn't seem to handle wide chars properly, so I'm temporairly switching (until I find a proper solution) to Boost::Spirit, a lexical scanner and parser generator that is already in service's dependencies (it's currently part of the Boost libraries, a collection of peer-reviewed, open source libraries that extend the functionality of C++).

Development status - 01/06/2009

The charset issue stated before has just been fixed; now, both the input and the output are in the UTF-8 encoding format:

pasquale@dell:~$ python
Python 2.5.4 (r254:67916, Feb 17 2009, 20:16:45) 
[GCC 4.3.3] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import xmlrpclib
>>> proxy = xmlrpclib.ServerProxy("http://www.neuralnoise.com:1234/ApertiumServer")
>>> proxy.translate("How are you?", "en-es")
u'C\xf3mo te es?'
>>> print proxy.translate("How are you?", "en-es")
Cómo te es?
>>> 

The new working prototype of the service can be tested here: http://www.neuralnoise.com/ApertiumWeb2/

Current work is focusing on handling Constraint Grammars, used by some language pairs and not included in lttoolbox or apertium.

Development status - 04/06/2009

Now the Apertium Service is able, given a sentence, to identify its language; this is done using an algorithm described in the following article:

N-Gram-Based Text Categorization (1994), by William B. Cavnar, John M. Trenkle

In Proceedings of SDAIR-94, 3rd Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval

http://www.info.unicaen.fr/~giguet/classif/cavnar_trenkle_ngram.ps

Sample usage:

pasquale@dell:~$ python
Python 2.5.4 (r254:67916, Feb 17 2009, 20:16:45) 
[GCC 4.3.3] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import xmlrpclib
>>> proxy = xmlrpclib.ServerProxy("http://localhost:1234/ApertiumServer")
>>> proxy.classify("Voli di Stato, Berlusconi indagato")
'[it]'
>>> 

Small and Quick Benchmark - 06/06/2009

I made the following Python script to quickly benchmark the project's current, still-to-be-optimized, prototype:

#!/usr/bin/python

import time
import xmlrpclib

def timing(func):
    def wrapper(*arg):
        t1 = time.time()
        res = func(*arg)
        t2 = time.time()
        print '%s took %0.3f ms' % (func.func_name, (t2-t1)*1000.0)
        return res
    return wrapper

@timing
def bench():
    proxy = xmlrpclib.ServerProxy("http://localhost:1234/ApertiumServer")
    for i in range(1, 1000):
        proxy.translate("This is a test for the machine translation program", "en-es")
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    bench()

It executes 1000 translation requests to the service, and returns the time it took to complete that task; here's the output:

pasquale@dell:~/gsoc/apertium-service/bench$ ./bench.py
bench took 39365.654 ms

Resulting in ~40 ms to complete each request; BTW actually this protype lacks of some optimization that haven't still been introduced to make the development process easier: by introducing those optimizations, I think we can easily get to ~20-25 ms per request. In addition, those requests have been executed in sequence, without taking advantage of this service's multithreading capabilities.

Development status - 13/06/2009

Support for Constraint Grammars has just beed implemented, integrated and tested; in addition, all the language pairs available in the trunk/ directory of the SVN repository can be tested through http://www.neuralnoise.com/ApertiumWeb2/ (including those implemented using Constraint Grammars).

Now the development is focusing on:

• Make the service's interface compatible with Google Translator APIs';

• Implement a fully functional CORBA interface for the service (as an alternative to the XML-RPC one);

Accessing and Using the service - 15/06/2009

Ruby

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require 'xmlrpc/client'

server = XMLRPC::Client.new("www.neuralnoise.com", "/ApertiumServer", 1234)
puts server.call("translate", "This is a test for the machine translation program.", "en-es")

Python

#!/usr/bin/python

import xmlrpclib

proxy = xmlrpclib.ServerProxy("http://www.neuralnoise.com:1234/ApertiumServer")
print proxy.translate("This is a test for the machine translation program.", "en-es")

Java

import java.net.URL;
import java.util.*;

import org.apache.xmlrpc.XmlRpcException;
import org.apache.xmlrpc.client.XmlRpcClient;
import org.apache.xmlrpc.client.XmlRpcClientConfigImpl;
import org.apache.xmlrpc.client.XmlRpcSunHttpTransportFactory;
import org.apertium.client.exceptions.ApertiumClientException;

..

XmlRpcClientConfigImpl config = new XmlRpcClientConfigImpl();
config.setServerURL(new URL("http://www.neuralnoise.com:1234/ApertiumServer"));

XmlRpcClient client = new XmlRpcClient();

client.setTransportFactory(new XmlRpcSunHttpTransportFactory(client));
client.setConfig(config);

client.execute("translate", new Object[] { "This is a test for the machine translation program.", "en-es" });

Perl

#!/usr/bin/perl

require RPC::XML;
require RPC::XML::Client;

my $client = RPC::XML::Client->new("http://www.neuralnoise.com:1234/ApertiumServer");
my $res = $client->send_request("translate", "This is a test for the machine translation program.", "en-es");

print $res->value . "\n";