Indonesian and Malaysian

Tagset

Original Part-of-Speech

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<adj>	adjective lemma	besar	besar<adj><pst>	big
<n>	noun lemma	buku	buku<n><bare><sg>	book
<num>	number lemma	tujuh	tujuh<num><card>	seven
<prn>	pronoun	saya	saya<prn><p1><sg>	I, me, my (depending on the position)
<det>	determiner	bukunya	buku<n><bare><sg><det>	can be 'his/her book' or 'the book'
<cnjcoo>	coordinating conjunction	dan	dan<cnjcoo>	and
<cnjsub>	subordinating conjunction	ketika	ketika<cnjsub>	when (not the WH question word)
<vblex>	verb lemma	kirim	kirim<vblex><actv><perf><sg>	deliver
<part>	particle	lah	lah<part>	-
<mod>	modal	akan	akan<mod>	will
<ij>	interjection	ah	ah<ij>	-
<qst>	question word	apa	apa<qst>	what
<pr>	preposition lemma	di	di<pr>	in/on	double preposition: 'di dalam' = inside, 'di atas' = above, 'di bawah' = below

Person

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<p1>	first person	saya	saya<prn><p1><sg>	I, me, my (depending on the position)	Saya is the formal 'I'. There are plenty of unformal 'I' variations
<p2>	second person	anda	anda<prn><p2><sg>	You, your (depending on the position)	Anda is the formal 'You'. There are plenty of unformal 'You' variations
<p3>	third person	mereka	mereka<prn><p3><pl>	they, them, their (depending on the position)

Number

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<sg>	singular	buku	buku<n><bare><sg>	book
		melompat	lompat<vblex><actv><imperf><sg>	jump
<pl>	plural	buku-buku	buku<n><bare><pl>	books	this number plurality feature not only occurs in nouns. It is not only show the plurality on number of entity, but also show plurality of the event or referring to plural entities
		melompat-lompat	lompat<vblex><actv><imperf><pl>	jump repeatedly

Derivation Mark (not yet added/implemented)

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<der_n>
<der_adj>
<der_v>
<der_num>

Numeral Type

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<card>	cardinal number	tujuh	tujuh<num><card>	seven
<ord>	ordinal number	ketujuh	tujuh<num><ord>	the seventh
<coll>	collective number	bertujuh	tujuh<num><coll>	in group of seven
<refer>	referential number	tujuh-tujuhnya	tujuh<num><refer>	all the seven of them
		ketujuh-tujuhnya	tujuh<num><refer>	all the seven of them

Verb Type

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<vbhaver>	verb ‘to have’	berpayung	payung<n><actv><perf><vbhaver><bare><sg>	having umbrella(payung)
<vbser>	verb ‘to be’	perbesar	besar<adj><actv><perf><vbser><sg>	making something to be big

Voice Type

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<actv>	active voice	mengirim	kirim<vblex><actv><imperf><sg>	send
<pasv>	passive voice	dikirim	kirim<vblex><pasv><imperf><sg>	being sent

Aspect Type

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<perf>	perfective aspect	kirim	kirim<vblex><actv><perf><sg>	send
<imperf>	imperfective aspect	mengirim	kirim<vblex><actv><imperf><sg>	send

Noun Type

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<bare>	original bare noun type	buku	buku<n><bare><sg>	book
<abstr>	derived abstract type	kedinginan	dingin<adj><abstr><sg>	coldness
<actio>	derived act noun	pengiriman	kirim<vblex><actio><sg>	delivery
		pembukuan	buku<n><actio><sg>	archiving
<actor>	derived actor noun	pengirim	kirim<vblex><actor><sg>	deliverer
<ent>	derived entity noun	kiriman	kirim<vblex><ent><sg>	package
<theme>	derived theme noun	pertokoan	toko<n><theme><sg>	something related to shop

Adjective Type

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<pst>	original bare adjective type	besar	besar<adj><bare>	big
<sup>	superlative adjective	terbesar	besar<adj><sup>	the biggest
<exceed>	exceed adjective	kebesaran	besar<adj><exceed>	too big	equally grammatical with "terlalu besar"
<manner>	manner adjective	keibuan	ibu<n><manner>	motherly
<uni>	union adjective	seibu	ibu<n><bare><uni><sg>	same/one mother
<possib>	adjectival phrase	secepat-cepatnya	cepat<adj><possib>	as quick as possible
		sebesar-besarnya	besar<adj><possib>	as big as possible

Clitic Mark

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<enc>	enclitic	bukuku	buku<n><bare><sg>+aku<prn><enc><p1><sg><pos>	my book	The clitics are pronoun. In this example another form will be "buku aku", where it also grammatically correct. Sequence of noun followed by pronoun, makes the pronoun becomes possesive pronoun
<pro>	proclitic	kukirim	aku<prn><pro><p1><sg>+kirim<vblex><actv><perf><sg>	I send	The clitics are pronoun. In this example another form will be "aku cari", where it also grammatically correct. Sequence of pronoun followed by verb mostly makes the pronoun becomes the subject in the sentence

Transitivity Mark

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<appl>	Applicative	kirimi	kirim<vblex><actv><perf><appl><sg>	send
<caus>	Causative	kirimkan	kirim<vblex><actv><perf><caus><sg>	send

Prefix

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English
<men>	1. inflecting transitive verbs.	melihat	lihat<vblex><men>	to see
	2. deriving intransitive verbs with noun or adjective bases.
<di>	inflecting a verb, indicating passive voice.
<ber>	deriving intransitive verbs.	bermain	main<vblex><ber>	to play
<ter>	1. deriving verbs.	tertawa	tawa<vblex><ter>	to laugh
	2. deriving nouns.
<ke>	1. deriving nouns.
	2. deriving verbs.
	3. deriving numbers.
<se>	to indicate one item (like "a" or "the" in English)	sebuah	buah<n><sg><se>	one piece

Others

Tag	Description	Example	Example's Analysis	Translation in English	Notes
<cap>	capitalized word mark	Buku	buku<n><bare><sg><cap>	Book	Capitalized word
<pos>	possesive	bukuku	buku<n><bare><sg>+aku<prn><enc><p1><sg><pos>	my book	The clitics are pronoun. In this example another form will be "buku aku", where it also grammatically correct. Sequence of noun followed by pronoun, makes the pronoun becomes possesive pronoun

See also

• Pending tests

External links

• Wikipedia: Differences between Malaysian and Indonesian