Difference between revisions of "Morphology of Kyrgyz language"
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| ◌-GAn эмес-P3 |
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Revision as of 06:44, 11 July 2011
Contents
Noun morphology
- Missing rules
"атым" works, "балам" doesn't- Rule: delete ы after %> and before м
ы:0 <=> %> _ м ;
"балабыз" works, "атыбыз" doesn't- Rule: delete ы after %> and before быз
ы:0 <=> %> _ быз ;
"бала+ңыз" works, "атыңыз" doesn't- Rule: delete ы after %> and before ңыз
ы:0 <=> %> _ ңыз ;
уул<n><px1sg><dat> --> уулумга doesn't worksRule: delete г after м and ң- This rule is same for px1sg,px2sg,px3sg
- үй<n><px1sg><dat> --> үйүмга doesn't works
Rule1: delete г after м and ң- Rule2: change end vowel according to previous vowel
- китеп<n><px1sg><acc> --> китебимды doesn't works
- Rule: last vowel ы should harmonized
- Vowel harmony in ablative case
- Rule : {D}{A}н, {А} must be harmonized according to previous vowel.
- Ex , The output now is : короо<n><px1sg><abl>/короомдан but must be короомдон
Desonorisation of {D} in ablative- Rule : {D} must be desonorized into н if the previous letter is {I}
- Ex,The output now is : мал<n><px3sg><abl>/малыдан but must be малынан
Desonorisation of {D} in plural- Rule : {D} must be desonorized into л, the rule must be figured out and checked. !Not completely Sure
- Ex, The output now is :ай<n><pl><nom>/айдар but must be айлар
Addition of н before locative suffix- Ex, The output now is : мал<n><px3sg><loc>/малыда but must be малы+н+да
- Vowel harmony in locative suffixes
- Ex, The output now is : көчө<n><px2sg><loc>/көчөңда but must be көчөңдө
- Vowel harmony in dative suffixes
- Ex, The output now is : эже<n><px2sg><dat>/эжеңа but must be эжеңе
Addition of н after {I} in in locative suffixes- Ex,The output now is :шаар<n><px><loc>/шаардыкыда but must be шаардыкында
Deletion of ы after (px3sg,px3pl)3rd person singular,plural and after (px)general possessive in accusative suffixes- Ex,The output now is эл<n><px3pl><acc>/элдерины but must be элдерин
мал<n><px><acc>/малдыкыны but must be малдыкын
- These should all really be rules to epenthesise/insert /I/ (ы, и, у, ү) after a consonant before these endings.
Noun Person,Possessives
() = after vowel, [] = after consonant, {} = archivowel/consonant
({I})м, 1sg
({I})ң, 2sg informal
({I})ң{I}з, 2sg formal
[с]{I}, 3sg
({I})б{I}з, 1pl
({I})ң{A}р, 2pl informal
({I})ң{I}зд{A}р, 2pl formal
[с]{I} 3pl
1st Person Possessives
| Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -ым becomes-м if ends with vowel | my horse, my son | |
| Plural | -ыбыз become -быз if ends with vowel | our horse, our son |
2nd Person Possessive
| Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -ың becomes -ң if ends with vowel,-ыңыз becomes -ңыз if ends with vowel | your horse, your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way) | |
| Plural | -ыңар becomes -ңар if ends with vowel,-ыңыздар becomes -ңыздар if end with vowel | your horse,your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way) |
3rd Person Possessive
| Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| -- | -ы becomes -сы when following vowel | his horse, his son |
General Possessive
| Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| -- | -ныкы | people's, livestock's, your son's, the mountain's, the camel's (as their own NPs) |
Noun cases
| Case Name | Suffixes |
|---|---|
| absolute | --- |
| genitive | -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн |
| dative | -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө |
| definite-accusative | -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү |
| locative | -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө |
| ablative | -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн |
Genitive, Rules for suffixes
| Rules | -нын,-ын transfromation | Examples | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ends with vowels | -нын,-нун,-нин,нүн | child's, mountain's, mother's, camel's | |
| Ends with Voiced Consonants | -дын,-дун,-дин,-дүн | spring's, community's, knowledge's, eye's | |
| Ends with Unvoiced Consonants | -тын,-тун,-тин,-түн | mail's, ball's, book's, shoe's | |
| Ends with Third persons Possesive -ы,-сы and -ныкы | -нын,-нун,-нин,-нүн | his animal's, his watch's, his child's, his brother's, his house's, his garden's, the school's's (e.g., the school's[ book]'s) |
Dative, rules for suffixes
| Rules | surface form of -/GA/ | Examples | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants | -га,-го,-ге,-гө | to the field,to the mountain, to serve, to the girl,to the center, to the lake | |
| Ends with Unvoiced Consonants | -ка,-ко,-ке,-кө | to the stone,to the fire,to the tree,to the heart | |
| after 1st and 2nd person singular possessive suffixes -/(I)m/, -/(I)ŋ/ | -а,-е,-о,-ө | саат+ым+а,саат+ың+а,короо+м+о,короо+ң+о,мекте<б>+иң+е, үйүм+ө |
to my watch, to your watch,to my garden,to your garded,to your school,to my house |
| after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/ | -на,-не,-нө (-но is impossible because of intervening /I/s) | саат+тыкы+на,короо+нуку+на,короо+су+на,мекте<б>+и+не,үй+дүкү+нө, эже+ники+не,бала+сы+на,мал+ын+а,үй+ү+нө,эже+си+не,ките<б>+ин+е |
to the watch's, to the garden's, to his/her garden, to his/her/its school, to the house's, to the sister's, to his/her child, to his/her livestock, to his/her/their house, to his/her sister,to his/her book |
Locative case
| Rules | surface form of -/DA/ | Examples | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ends with a vowel or a voiced consonant | -да,-до,-де,-дө | талаа+да, тоо+до, аскер+де, көчө+дө, кыз+да, борбор+до, көл+дө |
in the field, on the mountain, in the army, ~at the girl, in the center, at the lake |
| Ends with an unvoiced consonant | -та,-то,-те,-тө | таш+та, от+то, терек+те, жүрөк+тө | on the stone, in the fire, in the tree, in the heart |
| after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/ | -нда,-нде,-ндө (-ндо is impossible because of intervening /I/s) | саат+тыкы+нда,короо+нуку+нда,короо+су+нда,мекте<б>+и+нде,үй+дүкү+ндө, эже+ники+нде,бала+сы+нда,мал+ы+нда,үй+ү+ндө |
Definite-accusative, Rules for suffixes
| Rules | surface forms of -/NI/ | Examples | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ends with vowels | -ны,-ну,-ни,нү | desk, cinema,window,street | |
| Ends with Voiced Consonants | -ды,-ду,-ди,-дү | girl,colt,place,grape | |
| Ends with Unvoiced Consonants | -ты,-ту,-ти,-тү | happiness, bird, book, shovel | |
| Ends with First and Second persons Possessive suffixes [this is the same as the voiced consonant rules and can be removed —JNW] | -(д)ы,-(д)у,-(д)и,-(д)ү | my child,your child,my son,my book,my house | |
| After third person -(s)I suffix or -NIKI possessive suffix | -н | бала+сы+н, уул+у+н, ките<б>+и+н, үй+ү+н; бала+ныкы+н, уул+дуку+н, китеп+тики+н, үй+дүкү+н | his/her/its/their child, son, book, house |
Ablative, Rules for suffixes
| Rules | surface forms of -/DAn/ | Examples | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants | -дан,-дон, -ден,-дөн | from apple,from mountain,from person,from house,from paper, | |
| Ends with Unvoiced Consonants | -тан,-тон,-тен,-төн | from stone, from fire, from tree, from fire, from ball | |
| Ends with First and Second persons singular Possessive suffixes | -(д)ан, -(д)он, -(д)ен, -(д)өн | from my son, from my garden, from my book, from your street | |
| Ends with Third persons Possesive -(s)I or -ныкы | -нан, -нен, -нөн (-нон is impossible after /I/) | мал+ы+нан, үй+ү+нөн, күзгү+сү+нөн, Керим+дики+нен, шаар+дыкы+нан, ата+сы+ныкы+нан | from his animal, from his house, from his mirror's, from Kerim's, from the city's, from his father's |
All cases table
| noun stem | px1s | px2s | px3s | -NIKI | other (e.g. px1pl) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom | — | м | ң | {S}{I} | {N}{I}к{I} | б{I}з |
| acc | {N}{I} | м+{N}{I} | ң+{N}{I} | {S}{I}+н | {N}{I}к{I}+н | б{I}з+{N}{I} |
| gen | {N}{I}н | м+{N}{I}н | ң+{N}{I}н | {S}{I}+{N}{I}н | {N}{I}к{I}+{N}{I}н | б{I}з+{N}{I}н |
| loc | {D}{A} | м+{D}{A} | ң+{D}{A} | {S}{I}+н{D}{A} | {N}{I}к{I}н{D}{A} | б{I}з+{D}{A} |
| abl | {D}{A}н | м+{D}{A}н, м+{A}н | ң+{D}{A}н, ң+{A}н | {S}{I}+{N}{A}н | {N}{I}к{I}+{N}{A}н | б{I}з+{D}{A}н |
| dat | {G}{A} | м+{A} | ң+{A} | {S}{I}+н{A} | {N}{I}к{I}+н{A} | б{I}з+{G}{A} |
| similative | {D}{A}й | м+{D}{A}й | ң+{D}{A}й | {S}{I}+н{D}{A}й | {N}{I}к{I}+н{D}{A}й | б{I}з+{D}{A}й |
| omissive | с{I}з | м+с{I}з | ң+с{I}з | ({S}{I}+с{I}з) | (({N}{I}к{I}+c{I}з)) | б{I}з+с{I}з |
| noun stem | px1s | px2s | px3s | -NIKI | other (e.g. px1pl) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom | — | м | ң | {S}{I} | {N}{I}к{I} | б{I}з |
| acc | {N}{I} | м+{N}{I} | ң+{N}{I} | {S}{I}н+0 | {N}{I}к{I}н+0 | б{I}з+{N}{I} |
| gen | {N}{I}н | м+{N}{I}н | ң+{N}{I}н | {S}{I}н+{I}н | {N}{I}к{I}н+{I}н | б{I}з+{N}{I}н |
| loc | {D}{A} | м+{D}{A} | ң+{D}{A} | {S}{I}н+{D}{A} | {N}{I}к{I}н+{D}{A} | б{I}з+{D}{A} |
| abl | {D}{A}n | м+{D}{A}н, м+{A}н | ң+{D}{A}н, ң+{A}н | {S}{I}н+{A}н | {N}{I}к{I}н+{A}н | б{I}з+{D}{A}н |
| dat | {G}{A} | м+{A} | ң+{A} | {S}{I}н+{A} | {N}{I}к{I}н+{A} | б{I}з+{G}{A} |
| similative | {D}{A}й | м+{D}{A}й | ң+{D}{A}й | {S}{I}н+{D}{A}й | {N}{I}к{I}н+{D}{A}й | б{I}з+{D}{A}й |
| omissive | с{I}з | м+с{I}з | ң+с{I}з | ({S}{I}+с{I}з) | (({N}{I}к{I}+c{I}з)) | б{I}з+с{I}з |
Postpositions
Postpositions used with nominative case nouns
- менен "with" (but accusative with мен, сен, and ал)
- Досум
- dos-(I)m
- friend-px1sg
- /
- /
- /
- аны
- al-NI
- 3sg-acc.def
- менен
- menen
- with
- кинону
- kino-NI
- movie-acc.def
- көрдүм.
- kœr-DI-m
- see-eyewitnessRecentPast-1sg
- I saw the movie with my friend / him/her.
- сайын "every"
- Күн
- kyn
- day
- сайын
- sayın
- every
- киного
- kino-GA
- movie-dat
- барчубуз
- bɑr-ʧU-bIz
- go-pastHabitual-1pl
- We used to go to the movies every day.
- боюнча "according to, in accordance with"
- иретинде "as a"
- катары "as a"
- мурун "ago"
- тууралуу "about"
- жөнүндө "about"
Postpositions used with genitive case nouns
These postpositions are different from others in that they take possessive suffixes to agree with their noun, and can take any case. Also, the noun may not show genitive morphology if it's indefinite.
- орд- "instead of"
- Менин
- men-NIn
- 1sg-gen
- ордума
- orun-(I)m-GA
- place-px1sg-abl
- досума
- dos-(I)m-GA
- friend-px1sg-abl
- сыйлыкты
- sɯj+LIK-NI
- award-acc.def
- берип
- ber-(I)p
- give-cnvPerf
- салган.
- sɑl-GAn-∅
- (modalverb}-past-3p
- They gave the prize to my friend instead of to me
- орто- "between, in the middle of"
- аст- "below, at the bottom of"
- үст- "above, at the top of"
- ич- "inside of"
- Туура
- tuːrɑ
- correct
- эмесин
- emes-(s)I-NI
- copula.NEG-px3-acc.def
- өз
- œz
- own
- ичимен
- iʧ-(I)m-DAn
- inside-px1sg-abl
- оңдодум.
- oɴ-LA-DI-m
- right-n2v-eyewitnessRecentPast-1sg
- I corrected his mistakes to myself
- Үй
- yj
- house
- ичинде
- iʧ-(s)I-DA
- inside-px3-loc
- мышык
- mɯʃɯq
- cat
- уктап
- uq-LA-(I)p
- sleep-n2v-cnvPerf
- жатат.
- ʤɑt-A-t
- prog-nonPast-3rd
- A/the cat is sleeping in(side) the house
- сырт- "outside of"
- түп- "in the bottom of"
- арт- "behind, at the back of"
- алд- "in front of"
- жан- "next to"
Postpositions used with accusative case nouns
- карай "towards"
Postpositions used with ablative case nouns
- бери "since"
- баштап "starting with/at/from"
- кийин "after, in (with time)"
- тышкары "besides, aside from, other than"
Postpositions used with dative case nouns
- чейин "until"
- байланыштуу "connected to/with, tied to"
- карабастан "in spite of"
- карата "depending on"
Postpositions used with certain nominal verb forms
- менен
- with -/(Aː)r/
- with -/GAnI/
- сайын
- with -/GAn/
- кийин
- with -/GAn-DAn/
- чейин
- with -/GAn-GA/
- тышкары
- with -/GAn-DAn/
Adjectival morphology
Adjectives in Kyrgyz language do not change with cases, possessions and with plural (-лар) suffix. It has 4 levels : 1. Normal 2. Comparative 3. Superlative 4. Weakening
Normal Level
Ех:
1.кооз; Бишкекте кооз уйлор көп курулду.
2.саздуу,кара,көк,аккан Кара шибер, көк майсан, саздуу болот аккан суу.
3.жакшы; Энеси уулуна жакшы тарбия берген экен.
Comparative
Built by adding -ыраак (-/(I)rAAK/) suffix
Examples :
кызыл+ыраакredderтаттуу+раакsweeterжакшы+раакbetter- кең+ирээк wider
сары+раакyellower- тоголок+ураак rounder
соо+роокmore sober- өзгөчө+рөөк more special
#Ablative case is used for "than", e.g.:
- мен+ден чоң+ураак bigger than me
Superlative
- Built by using following adverbs: эң,өтө,аябай,чымкый
- эң жакшы "the best"
- эң катуу "the hardest"
- эң сары "the yellowest"
- this is often with possessive morphology after the adjective or the NP it's part of, corresponding roughly to definiteness (specifying what the known domain is) —JNW
- бу+лар+дын эң чоң+у аныкы the biggest of these is his
- бул алма+лар+дын эң сары+сы this is the yellowest of the apples
- бул эң сары алма(+сы) this is the yellowest apple
- These aren't superlative, but similar
- абдан кооз "really beautiful"
- өтө сулуу "very handsome"
- аябай ысык "extremely hot"
- чылк семиз "very fat"
- чымкый кызыл "very red"
- Typically in Apertium we categorise the "very, really, extremely" part as a separate POS
preadv, which aids disambiguation -- e.g. apreadvis an adverb which cannot modify a verb on its own. -- Some can be both of course, but often leading to a different translation (e.g. (en)really<preadv>= (es) muy, (en)really<adv>= (es) verdaderamente) —FMT
- Typically in Apertium we categorise the "very, really, extremely" part as a separate POS
- "extremetive" (?) adjectives
- Built by reduplication: the reduplicant is composed of all material through the first syllable nucleus of an adjective and ends with +/п/, prepended in front of the base
- кара --> кап+кара as black as can be
- сары --> сап+сары as yellow as can be
- тоголок --> топ+тоголок as round as can be
- ачуу --> ап+ачуу as spicy as can be
- кызыл --> кып+кызыл as red as can be
"Weakening"
Weakens the meaning of adjectives built by adding -ыш,-гыл,-ылжым,-илжын,-ылтыр,-гыч,-гылт,-гылтым,-ыңкы
- These are almost entirely non-productive and can probably be ignored for morphological analysis —JNW
| suffixes | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -ыш | ак -- агыш,көк -- көгүш | little bit white,little bit blue |
| -гыл | кир -- киргил | little bit dirty |
| -ылжым,-илжын | көк -- көгүлжүм,кара -- каралжым | little bit blue, little bit black |
| -ылтыр | көк -- көгүлтүр | blueish |
| -гыч | сары -- саргыч | yellowish |
| -гылт | сары -- саргылт,кызыл -- кызгылт | yellowish, reddish |
| -гылтым | кызыл -- кызгылтым | reddish |
| -ыңкы | азган -- азыңкы | -- |
Derivation
Aside from the derivation under #"Weakening", there is semi-productive derivation of adjectives from other parts of speech. This section will include some of them. Most of this morphology can probably be safely ignored as long as there's a certain amount of forms in the lexicon
-/LUU/ (N>A)
This makes adjectives out of nouns; I don't think it's universally productive, but it's quite ubiquitous
- бакыт "happiness", бактылуу "happy"
- белги "sign, symbol", белгилүү "famous, well-known"
- кыймыл "motion", кыймылдуу "moving"
- күмөн "doubt", күмөдүү "questionable"
- ийгилик "success", ийгиликтүү "successful"
-/ʧIl/ (N>A)
- жумушчул
- арекетчил
-/sAK/ (N>A)
-/KI/ (?>A)
This seems to be used productively with time words and locations to make attributive adjectives
- бүгүн "today", бүгүнкү "today's"
- былтыр "last year", былтыркы "last year's"
- түн "night", түнкү "nighttime (adj.)"
- үст+ү "top+<px3>", үстүнкү "upper"
- аст+ы "bottom+<px3>", астынкы "lower"
- сырт "outside", сырткы "outer"
-/DAy/ (N>A)
Completely productively makes noun[phrase]s into adjectives meaning "X-like" / "like/as X". Can be used with copulas as a predicate for "A is like B".
- күндөй жарык "as bright as day / as the sun"
- баладай назик "as gentile as a child"
- иттей чоң "as big as a dog" (иттей is also a dialectal/slang adverb meaning "extremely")
- кенедей кичинекей "as small as a tick" (кенедей also means "teeny(/)tiny"
- etc.
-/sIz/ (N>A)
Almost completely productively makes phrases like "without X" or "X-less" from noun[phrase]s. These phrases can be used to modify nouns (as ~adjectives), adjectives (as adverbs), or verbs (as ~adverbs). Some of these are lexicalised
- акчасыз - pennyless
- сөзсүз - "without a word" = "definitely"
- көңүлсүз - "without 'feeling'" = "unhappy/unhappily"
- etc.
-/LIK/ (A>N, N>N, N>A)
Derives [usually abstract] nouns from adjectives.
- үйсүздүк homelessness
- кедейлик poverty
- акчасыздык monilessness
- тамаксыздык foodlessness
- жарыктык brightness/light
- көктүк stubbornness
- чоңдук largeness
- достук friendship
- көлдүк lake (adj.) (i.e., someone or something from or around a/the lake)
-/ʧI+lIK/ (N>N, A>N)
Derives [usually abstract] nouns from nouns.
- үйсүзчүдүк homelessness
- кедейчилик poverty (A>N)
- жоокерчилик gallantry/heroicness
- мейманчылдык hospitality
- досчулдук friendliness
- токойчулук forestry
- ачкачылык hunger (A>N)
- токчулук ~satiety (A>N)
Numerals (Сан атооч)
Numerals in it's own state do not change with cases and with plural (-лар) suffix.
Built by following suffixes:
| suffixes | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -ынчы (-нчы) | бир+инчи, жети+нчи,үч+үнчү | first, seventh, third (ordinals) |
| -оо,-өө | бир+өө,алт+оо,беш+өө | one,six,five of them (supporting) |
| -ча | отуз+ча,кырк+ча,жүз+чө | approximateley thirty,forty,hundred (approximate) |
| -дай | беш+тей,он+дой,кырк+тай,жүз+дөй | almost five,ten,forty,hundred (approximate) |
| -лаган | он+догон,жүз+дөгөн,миң+деген,кырк+таган | tens of,hundreds of, thousands of, forties of |
| -лар ? | эки+лер,уч+төр, он+дор | ??? |
Verb Morphology
Verbs morphologically can be changed according to possessions, tenses, relation suffixes(мамиле мүчөөлөрү) and condition suffixes(ыңгай мүчөөлөрү). There are 4 types of verbs.
- Normal verbs : көгөрөт, окуйт, баалайт, жыгышты etc...
- Complex verbs : ойгонгусу келип турат, кете бермек екенмин, бара жаткан элем, шыбыраша башташкан экен, etc...
- main verbs : окуп, сүйлөп, ойноп, күлүп, кетип, уча, жазып. etc ...
- helping verbs : жатат, берди,атат,койду, калды, ийди, чыкты, etc ...
Tenses
Morphotactics
Deriv:
stem + (passive)? + (causative)? + ("reflexive")? + INFL
INFL:
stem + (negative)? + non-finite suffix
stem + (negative)? + finite suffix + person agreement
Present continuous Tense (учур чак)
1. Simple
| suffixes | examples | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -ууда | жакшыр+ууда | getting well,progressing |
| -а,-е(-й) | оку+й+м,иште+й+м | studying, working |
2. Complех
| suffixes | examples | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -a | бар+а жатат, | he/she is going |
| -е(-й) | сүйлө+й баштайт | he is going to speak |
| -ып | ырда+п жатат, иште+п жүрөт | he is singing, he is working |
Future Tense (Келер Чак)
1.Definite Future Tense {-а,-й + possessions }
| suffixes | examples | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -a | бар+а+мын, бар+а+сың, бар+а+т | I will go, you will go, he will go |
| -й | оку+й+буз, оку+й+суң, оку+й+т, | we will read, you will read,he will read |
2.Not Definite Future tense {-ар + possessions }
| suffixes | examples | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -aр | бар+ар+мын, бар+ар+сың, бар+ар, бар+ар+сыз, бар+ар+сыздар | maybe i/you/he will go |
| -мак+ экен + possessions | бар+мак экемин,бар+мак экенсиң, бар+мак экенсиз | might go ? ? ? |
Past Tense (Өткөн чак)
1.Definite past tense {-ды,ды + possessions + эле}
| suffixes | examples | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -ды + possession | бар+ды,ал+ды+м,оку+ду+ң,кел+ди+ңиз | he went, i took, you read, you came |
| -ды + possessions + эле | бар+ды эле,ал+ды+м эле,оку+ду+ң эле,кел+ди+ңиз эле | he went, i took, you read, you came |
2.Accidental past tense (капыскы өткөн чак) {-ып,ып + тыр + possessions}
| suffixes | examples | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -ып+possessions | бар+ып+мын,бар+ып+сыз | ? ? ? |
| ып + тыр + possessions | бар+ып+тыр+мын, бар+ып+тыр+сыңар | ? ? ? ? |
3.General Past Tense (Жалпы) {-ган+possessions}
| suffixes | examples | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -ган+possessions | бар+ган,бар+га(м), бар+ган+сың | he went,i went, you went |
4.Habit past tense (Адат) {-чу + possessions}
| suffixes | examples | gloss |
|---|---|---|
| -чу + possessions | бар+чу, кел+чү, жаз+чу+мун,оку+чу+суң, ойно+чу+суз | he/she/i/you regularly went,came,wrote,read,played |
Tense data
| name | positive | negative | Tense | Aspect | Mood | Voice | Evidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RecentEyewitness past | ◌-DI-P4 | ◌-GAn жок-P3 | past | — | — | (indicative?) | eyewitness |
| RecentNonEyewitness past | ◌-(I)p-(tIr)-P3 | ◌-BAp-(tIr)-P3 | past | — | (often surprise) | — | non-eyewitness |
| ◌-GAn-P3 | ◌-GAn эмес-P3 | past | — | — | — | — | |
| ◌-чU-P3 | ◌-чU эмес-P3 | past | imperfect, habitual | — | — | — | |
| "aorist" | ◌-E-P6 | ◌-BA-й-P6 | habitual, future | — | — | — | — |
Used attributively to NP
| name | positive | negative | TAMVE |
|---|---|---|---|
| -A(ː)р | -BA(ː)с | ||
| -GUс | |||
| -GAн | -BAGAн | ||
| -чU | -BAчU | ||
| -E турган | -BAй турган |
Used as NP
| name | positive | negative | TAMVE |
|---|---|---|---|
| GAn | BAGAn | ||
| A(ː)r | BA(ː)s | ||
| (I)ʃ | BAʃ | ||
| (U)U | BOO |
Used as adverbial element
| name | positive | negative | TAMVE |
|---|---|---|---|
| -GAndA | -BAGAndA |
Random glosses
- Кыргыз Совет Энциклопедиясынын Башкы редакторунун биринчи орун басары болуп да иштеген.
- Кыргыз
- qɯrʁɯz
- Kyrgyz
- Kyrgyz
- Совет
- soˈvʲet
- Soviet
- Soviet
- Энциклопедия-сы-нын
- entsˠikloˈpedʲija-(s)I-NIn
- Encyclopaedia-px3-gen
- Encyclopaedia's
- Баш-кы
- bɑʃ-KI
- head-attrib
- chief
- редактор-у-нун
- rʲeˈdaktor-(s)I-NIn
- editor-px3-gen
- editor's
- бир-инчи
- bir-InʧI
- one-ord
- first
- орун бас-ар-ы
- orun bɑs-(A(ː))r-(s)I
- place occupy-v2n-px3
- delegate
- бол-уп
- bol-(I)p
- be-cnvPf
- ~as
- да
- dɑ
- conj
- also
- иш-те-ген.
- iʃ-LA-GAn
- work-n2v-past(-3rd)
- (he) worked
- He also worked as the first spokesperson/representative/agent of the Kyrgyz Soviet Encyclopaedia's chief editor.
- Кыргыз Совет Энциклопедиясынын Башкы редакторунун биринчи орун басары болуп да иштеген досум баарына жагат.
- Кыргыз
- qɯrʁɯz
- Kyrgyz
- Kyrgyz
- Совет
- soˈvʲet
- Soviet
- Soviet
- Энциклопедия-сы-нын
- entsˠikloˈpedʲija-(s)I-NIn
- Encyclopaedia-px3-gen
- Encyclopaedia's
- Баш-кы
- bɑʃ-KI
- head-attrib
- chief
- редактор-у-нун
- rʲeˈdaktor-(s)I-NIn
- editor-px3-gen
- editor's
- бир-инчи
- bir-InʧI
- one-ord
- first
- орун бас-ар-ы
- orun bɑs-(A(ː))r-(s)I
- place occupy-v2n-px3
- delegate
- бол-уп
- bol-(I)p
- be-cnvPf
- ~as
- да
- dɑ
- conj
- also
- иш-те-ген
- iʃ-LA-GAn
- work-n2v-pastAttrib
- who worked
- дос-ум
- dos-(I)m
- friend-px1sg
- my friend
- баар-ы-на
- bɑr-(s)I-GA
- exist-px3-dat
- to everyone
- жаг-ат.
- ʤɑq-E-t
- be.liked-nonPast-3rd
- is liked
- Everyone likes my friend who also worked as the first spokesperson/representative/agent of the Kyrgyz Soviet Encyclopaedia's chief editor.
- Кыргыз Совет Энциклопедиясынын Башкы редакторунун биринчи орун басары болуп да иштегени баарына жагат.
- Кыргыз
- qɯrʁɯz
- Kyrgyz
- Kyrgyz
- Совет
- soˈvʲet
- Soviet
- Soviet
- Энциклопедия-сы-нын
- entsˠikloˈpedʲija-(s)I-NIn
- Encyclopaedia-px3-gen
- Encyclopaedia's
- Баш-кы
- bɑʃ-KI
- head-attrib
- chief
- редактор-у-нун
- rʲeˈdaktor-(s)I-NIn
- editor-px3-gen
- editor's
- бир-инчи
- bir-InʧI
- one-ord
- first
- орун бас-ар-ы
- orun bɑs-(A(ː))r-(s)I
- place occupy-v2n-px3
- delegate
- бол-уп
- bol-(I)p
- be-cnvPf
- ~as
- да
- dɑ
- conj
- also
- иш-те-ген-и
- iʃ-LA-GAn-(S)I
- work-n2v-pastGer-px3
- having worked
- баар-ы-на
- bɑr-(s)I-GA
- exist-px3-dat
- to everyone
- жаг-ат.
- ʤɑq-E-t
- be.liked-nonPast-3rd
- is liked
- Everyone likes that he also worked as the first spokesperson/representative/agent of the Kyrgyz Soviet Encyclopaedia's chief editor.
- Боюң узун экенин билген жокмун.
- Бой-уң
- boj-(I)ŋ
- height-px2sg
- your height
- узун
- uzun
- long
- ~tall
- экен-и-н
- eken-(s)I-NI
- cop.AorRelNom-px3-acc.def
- that it ~is
- бил-ген жок-мун.
- bil-GAN joq-mIn
- know-RecentEyewitnessPast neg-1sg
- I didn't know
- I didn't know that you were (i.e., still are) tall
- Боюң узун болгонун билген жокмун.
- Бой-уң
- boj-(I)ŋ
- height-px2sg
- your height
- узун
- uzun
- long
- ~tall
- бол-гон-у-н
- bol-GAN-(s)I-NI
- cop-PastRelNom-px3-acc.def
- that it was
- бил-ген жок-мун.
- bil-GAN joq-mIn
- know-RecentEyewitnessPast neg-1sg
- I didn't know
- I didn't know that you were (i.e., still are) tall
- Чачың узун экенин билбептирмин.
- Чач-ың
- ʧɑʧ-(I)ŋ
- hair-px2sg
- your hair
- узун
- uzun
- long
- long
- экен-и-н
- eken-(s)I-NI
- cop.AorRelNom-px3-acc.def
- that it ~is
- бил-бе-птир-мин.
- bil-BA-ptIr-mIn
- know-neg-RecentNonEyewitnessPast-1sg
- I didn't know
- I didn't [used to] know that your hair was (i.e., still is / always has been) long
- Чачың узун болгонун билбептирмин.
- Чач-ың
- ʧɑʧ-(I)ŋ
- hair-px2sg
- your hair
- узун
- uzun
- long
- long
- бол-гон-у-н
- bol-GAN-(s)I-NI
- cop-PastRelNom-px3-acc.def
- that it was
- бил-бе-птир-мин.
- bil-BA-ptIr-mIn
- know-neg-RecentNonEyewitnessPast-1sg
- I didn't know
- I didn't [used to] know that your hair was (i.e., still is / always has been) long
- Чачыңды кече кырктырганыңды билген жокмун.
- Чач-ың-ды
- ʧɑʧ-(I)ŋ-NI
- hair-px2sg-acc.def
- your hair
- кече
- keʧe
- yesterday
- yesterday
- кырк-тыр-ган-ың-ды
- qɯrq-DIr-GAn-(I)ŋ-NI
- shear-caus-PastRelNom-px2sg-acc.def
- that you had cut
- бил-ген жок-мун.
- bil-GAN joq-mIn
- know-RecentEyewitnessPast neg-1sg
- I didn't know
- I didn't know that you had your hair cut yesterday.
Phonology
Things that happen to {I}
- harmonises
- gets deleted
- after / п:б / and / м / before / {I} п /
- т а м > {I} п : таамп (т:т а:аа м:м >:0 {I}:0 п:п )
- т а п > {I} п : таап (т:т а:аа п:0 >:0 {I}:0 п:п )
- merges with preceding й to become ю
- к о й > {I} п : коюп
Things that {I} triggers
- lengthening of preceding LowVow (with above deletion)
- with intervening / п:б / and / м /
- when / {I} п /
- т а м > {I} п : ээмп
- т а п > {I} п : таап
Things that happen to п
- turns to б intervocalically before syllable boundary
- т а п > {E} : таба (т:т а:а п:б {E}:а)
- gets deleted before / {I} п / after low vowel
- т а п > {I} п : таап (т:т а:аа п:0 >:0 {I}:0 п:п )
