Difference between revisions of "Morphology of Kyrgyz language"
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==Tenses== |
==Tenses== |
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===Morphotactics=== |
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<pre> |
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STEM + |
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</pre> |
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=== Present continuous Tense (учур чак) === |
=== Present continuous Tense (учур чак) === |
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1. Simple |
1. Simple |
Revision as of 20:37, 22 June 2011
Contents
Noun morphology
- Missing rules
"атым" works, "балам" doesn't- Rule: delete ы after %> and before м
ы:0 <=> %> _ м ;
"балабыз" works, "атыбыз" doesn't- Rule: delete ы after %> and before быз
ы:0 <=> %> _ быз ;
"бала+ңыз" works, "атыңыз" doesn't- Rule: delete ы after %> and before ңыз
ы:0 <=> %> _ ңыз ;
уул<n><px1sg><dat> --> уулумга doesn't worksRule: delete г after м and ң- This rule is same for px1sg,px2sg,px3sg
- үй<n><px1sg><dat> --> үйүмга doesn't works
Rule1: delete г after м and ң- Rule2: change end vowel according to previous vowel
- китеп<n><px1sg><acc> --> китебимды doesn't works
- Rule: last vowel ы should harmonized
- Vowel harmony in ablative case
- Rule : {D}{A}н, {А} must be harmonized according to previous vowel.
- Ex , The output now is : короо<n><px1sg><abl>/короомдан but must be короомдон
Desonorisation of {D} in ablative- Rule : {D} must be desonorized into н if the previous letter is {I}
- Ex,The output now is : мал<n><px3sg><abl>/малыдан but must be малынан
Desonorisation of {D} in plural- Rule : {D} must be desonorized into л, the rule must be figured out and checked. !Not completely Sure
- Ex, The output now is :ай<n><pl><nom>/айдар but must be айлар
Addition of н before locative suffix- Ex, The output now is : мал<n><px3sg><loc>/малыда but must be малы+н+да
- Vowel harmony in locative suffixes
- Ex, The output now is : көчө<n><px2sg><loc>/көчөңда but must be көчөңдө
- Vowel harmony in dative suffixes
- Ex, The output now is : эже<n><px2sg><dat>/эжеңа but must be эжеңе
Addition of н after {I} in in locative suffixes- Ex,The output now is :шаар<n><px><loc>/шаардыкыда but must be шаардыкында
Deletion of ы after (px3sg,px3pl)3rd person singular,plural and after (px)general possessive in accusative suffixes- Ex,The output now is эл<n><px3pl><acc>/элдерины but must be элдерин
мал<n><px><acc>/малдыкыны but must be малдыкын
- These should all really be rules to epenthesise/insert /I/ (ы, и, у, ү) after a consonant before these endings.
Noun Person,Possessives
() = after vowel, [] = after consonant, {} = archivowel/consonant
({I})м, 1sg ({I})ң, 2sg informal ({I})ң{I}з, 2sg formal [с]{I}, 3sg ({I})б{I}з, 1pl ({I})ң{A}р, 2pl informal ({I})ң{I}зд{A}р, 2pl formal [с]{I} 3pl
1st Person Possessives
Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | -ым becomes-м if ends with vowel | my horse, my son | |
Plural | -ыбыз become -быз if ends with vowel | our horse, our son |
2nd Person Possessive
Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | -ың becomes -ң if ends with vowel,-ыңыз becomes -ңыз if ends with vowel | your horse, your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way) | |
Plural | -ыңар becomes -ңар if ends with vowel,-ыңыздар becomes -ңыздар if end with vowel | your horse,your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way) |
3rd Person Possessive
Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
-- | -ы becomes -сы when following vowel | his horse, his son |
General Possessive
Singular/Plural | Suffix | Example | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
-- | -ныкы | people's, livestock's, your son's, the mountain's, the camel's (as their own NPs) |
Noun cases
Case Name | Suffixes |
---|---|
absolute | --- |
genitive | -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн |
dative | -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө |
definite-accusative | -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү |
locative | -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө |
ablative | -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн |
Genitive, Rules for suffixes
Rules | -нын,-ын transfromation | Examples | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Ends with vowels | -нын,-нун,-нин,нүн | child's, mountain's, mother's, camel's | |
Ends with Voiced Consonants | -дын,-дун,-дин,-дүн | spring's, community's, knowledge's, eye's | |
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants | -тын,-тун,-тин,-түн | mail's, ball's, book's, shoe's | |
Ends with Third persons Possesive -ы,-сы and -ныкы | -нын,-нун,-нин,-нүн | his animal's, his watch's, his child's, his brother's, his house's, his garden's, the school's's (e.g., the school's[ book]'s) |
Dative, rules for suffixes
Rules | surface form of -/GA/ | Examples | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants | -га,-го,-ге,-гө | to the field,to the mountain, to serve, to the girl,to the center, to the lake | |
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants | -ка,-ко,-ке,-кө | to the stone,to the fire,to the tree,to the heart | |
after 1st and 2nd person singular possessive suffixes -/(I)m/, -/(I)ŋ/ | -а,-е,-о,-ө | саат+ым+а,саат+ың+а,короо+м+о,короо+ң+о,мекте<б>+иң+е, үйүм+ө |
to my watch, to your watch,to my garden,to your garded,to your school,to my house |
after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/ | -на,-не,-нө (-но is impossible because of intervening /I/s) | саат+тыкы+на,короо+нуку+на,короо+су+на,мекте<б>+и+не,үй+дүкү+нө, эже+ники+не,бала+сы+на,мал+ын+а,үй+ү+нө,эже+си+не,ките<б>+ин+е |
to the watch's, to the garden's, to his/her garden, to his/her/its school, to the house's, to the sister's, to his/her child, to his/her livestock, to his/her/their house, to his/her sister,to his/her book |
Locative case
Rules | surface form of -/DA/ | Examples | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Ends with a vowel or a voiced consonant | -да,-до,-де,-дө | талаа+да, тоо+до, аскер+де, көчө+дө, кыз+да, борбор+до, көл+дө |
in the field, on the mountain, in the army, ~at the girl, in the center, at the lake |
Ends with an unvoiced consonant | -та,-то,-те,-тө | таш+та, от+то, терек+те, жүрөк+тө | on the stone, in the fire, in the tree, in the heart |
after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/ | -нда,-нде,-ндө (-ндо is impossible because of intervening /I/s) | саат+тыкы+нда,короо+нуку+нда,короо+су+нда,мекте<б>+и+нде,үй+дүкү+ндө, эже+ники+нде,бала+сы+нда,мал+ы+нда,үй+ү+ндө |
Definite-accusative, Rules for suffixes
Rules | surface forms of -/NI/ | Examples | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Ends with vowels | -ны,-ну,-ни,нү | desk, cinema,window,street | |
Ends with Voiced Consonants | -ды,-ду,-ди,-дү | girl,colt,place,grape | |
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants | -ты,-ту,-ти,-тү | happiness, bird, book, shovel | |
Ends with First and Second persons Possessive suffixes [this is the same as the voiced consonant rules and can be removed —JNW] | -(д)ы,-(д)у,-(д)и,-(д)ү | my child,your child,my son,my book,my house | |
After third person -(s)I suffix or -NIKI possessive suffix | -н | бала+сы+н, уул+у+н, ките<б>+и+н, үй+ү+н; бала+ныкы+н, уул+дуку+н, китеп+тики+н, үй+дүкү+н | his/her/its/their child, son, book, house |
Ablative, Rules for suffixes
Rules | surface forms of -/DAn/ | Examples | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|
Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants | -дан,-дон, -ден,-дөн | from apple,from mountain,from person,from house,from paper, | |
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants | -тан,-тон,-тен,-төн | from stone, from fire, from tree, from fire, from ball | |
Ends with First and Second persons singular Possessive suffixes | -(д)ан, -(д)он, -(д)ен, -(д)өн | from my son, from my garden, from my book, from your street | |
Ends with Third persons Possesive -(s)I or -ныкы | -нан, -нен, -нөн (-нон is impossible after /I/) | мал+ы+нан, үй+ү+нөн, күзгү+сү+нөн, Керим+дики+нен, шаар+дыкы+нан, ата+сы+ныкы+нан | from his animal, from his house, from his mirror's, from Kerim's, from the city's, from his father's |
Adjectival morphology
Adjectives in Kyrgyz language do not change with cases, possessions and with plural (-лар) suffix. It has 4 levels : 1. Normal 2. Comparative 3. Superlative 4. Weakening
Normal Level
Ех:
1.кооз; Бишкекте кооз уйлор көп курулду.
2.саздуу,кара,көк,аккан Кара шибер, көк майсан, саздуу болот аккан суу.
3.жакшы; Энеси уулуна жакшы тарбия берген экен.
Comparative
Built by adding -ыраак (-/(I)rAAK/) suffix
Examples :
кызыл+ыраакredderтаттуу+раакsweeterжакшы+раакbetter- кең+ирээк wider
сары+раакyellower- тоголок+ураак rounder
соо+роокmore sober- өзгөчө+рөөк more special
#Ablative case is used for "than", e.g.:
- мен+ден чоң+ураак bigger than me
Superlative
- Built by using following adverbs: эң,өтө,аябай,чымкый
- эң жакшы "the best"
- эң катуу "the hardest"
- эң сары "the yellowest"
- this is often with possessive morphology after the adjective or the NP it's part of, corresponding roughly to definiteness (specifying what the known domain is) —JNW
- бу+лар+дын эң чоң+у аныкы the biggest of these is his
- бул алма+лар+дын эң сары+сы this is the yellowest of the apples
- бул эң сары алма(+сы) this is the yellowest apple
- These aren't superlative, but similar
- абдан кооз "really beautiful"
- өтө сулуу "very handsome"
- аябай ысык "extremely hot"
- чылк семиз "very fat"
- чымкый кызыл "very red"
- Typically in Apertium we categorise the "very, really, extremely" part as a separate POS
preadv
, which aids disambiguation -- e.g. apreadv
is an adverb which cannot modify a verb on its own. -- Some can be both of course, but often leading to a different translation (e.g. (en)really<preadv>
= (es) muy, (en)really<adv>
= (es) verdaderamente) —FMT
- Typically in Apertium we categorise the "very, really, extremely" part as a separate POS
- "extremetive" (?) adjectives
- Built by reduplication: the reduplicant is composed of all material through the first syllable nucleus of an adjective and ends with +/п/, prepended in front of the base
- кара --> кап+кара as black as can be
- сары --> сап+сары as yellow as can be
- тоголок --> топ+тоголок as round as can be
- ачуу --> ап+ачуу as spicy as can be
- кызыл --> кып+кызыл as red as can be
"Weakening"
Weakens the meaning of adjectives built by adding -ыш,-гыл,-ылжым,-илжын,-ылтыр,-гыч,-гылт,-гылтым,-ыңкы
- These are almost entirely non-productive and can probably be ignored for morphological analysis —JNW
suffixes | Example | Gloss |
---|---|---|
-ыш | ак -- агыш,көк -- көгүш | little bit white,little bit blue |
-гыл | кир -- киргил | little bit dirty |
-ылжым,-илжын | көк -- көгүлжүм,кара -- каралжым | little bit blue, little bit black |
-ылтыр | көк -- көгүлтүр | blueish |
-гыч | сары -- саргыч | yellowish |
-гылт | сары -- саргылт,кызыл -- кызгылт | yellowish, reddish |
-гылтым | кызыл -- кызгылтым | reddish |
-ыңкы | азган -- азыңкы | -- |
Derivation
Aside from the derivation under #"Weakening", there is semi-productive derivation of adjectives from other parts of speech. This section will include some of them. Most of this morphology can probably be safely ignored as long as there's a certain amount of forms in the lexicon
-/LUU/
- бакыт "happiness", бактылуу "happy"
- белги "sign, symbol", белгилүү "famous, well-known"
- кыймыл "motion", кыймылдуу "moving"
- күмөн "doubt", күмөдүү "questionable"
- ийгилик "success", ийгиликтүү "successful"
-/ʧIl/
-/sAK/
-/(ʧI+)lIK/
Derives [usually abstract] nouns from nouns.
Numerals (Сан атооч)
Numerals in it's own state do not change with cases and with plural (-лар) suffix.
Built by following suffixes:
suffixes | Example | Gloss |
---|---|---|
-ынчы (-нчы) | бир+инчи, жети+нчи,үч+үнчү | first, seventh, third (ordinals) |
-оо,-өө | бир+өө,алт+оо,беш+өө | one,six,five of them (supporting) |
-ча | отуз+ча,кырк+ча,жүз+чө | approximateley thirty,forty,hundred (approximate) |
-дай | беш+тей,он+дой,кырк+тай,жүз+дөй | almost five,ten,forty,hundred (approximate) |
-лаган | он+догон,жүз+дөгөн,миң+деген,кырк+таган | tens of,hundreds of, thousands of, forties of |
-лар ? | эки+лер,уч+төр, он+дор | ??? |
Verb Morphology
Verbs morphologically can be changed according to possessions, tenses, relation suffixes(мамиле мүчөөлөрү) and condition suffixes(ыңгай мүчөөлөрү). There are 4 types of verbs.
- Normal verbs : көгөрөт, окуйт, баалайт, жыгышты etc...
- Complex verbs : ойгонгусу келип турат, кете бермек екенмин, бара жаткан элем, шыбыраша башташкан экен, etc...
- main verbs : окуп, сүйлөп, ойноп, күлүп, кетип, уча, жазып. etc ...
- helping verbs : жатат, берди,атат,койду, калды, ийди, чыкты, etc ...
Tenses
Morphotactics
STEM +
Present continuous Tense (учур чак)
1. Simple
suffixes | examples | gloss |
---|---|---|
-ууда | жакшыр+ууда | getting well,progressing |
-а,-е(-й) | оку+й+м,иште+й+м | studying, working |
2. Complех
suffixes | examples | gloss |
---|---|---|
-a | бар+а жатат, | he/she is going |
-е(-й) | сүйлө+й баштайт | he is going to speak |
-ып | ырда+п жатат, иште+п жүрөт | he is singing, he is working |
Future Tense (Келер Чак)
1.Definite Future Tense {-а,-й + possessions }
suffixes | examples | gloss |
---|---|---|
-a | бар+а+мын, бар+а+сың, бар+а+т | I will go, you will go, he will go |
-й | оку+й+буз, оку+й+суң, оку+й+т, | we will read, you will read,he will read |
2.Not Definite Future tense {-ар + possessions }
suffixes | examples | gloss |
---|---|---|
-aр | бар+ар+мын, бар+ар+сың, бар+ар, бар+ар+сыз, бар+ар+сыздар | maybe i/you/he will go |
-мак+ экен + possessions | бар+мак экемин,бар+мак экенсиң, бар+мак экенсиз | might go ? ? ? |
Past Tense (Өткөн чак)
1.Definite past tense {-ды,ды + possessions + эле}
suffixes | examples | gloss |
---|---|---|
-ды + possession | бар+ды,ал+ды+м,оку+ду+ң,кел+ди+ңиз | he went, i took, you read, you came |
-ды + possessions + эле | бар+ды эле,ал+ды+м эле,оку+ду+ң эле,кел+ди+ңиз эле | he went, i took, you read, you came |
2.Accidental past tense (капыскы өткөн чак) {-ып,ып + тыр + possessions}
suffixes | examples | gloss |
---|---|---|
-ып+possessions | бар+ып+мын,бар+ып+сыз | ? ? ? |
ып + тыр + possessions | бар+ып+тыр+мын, бар+ып+тыр+сыңар | ? ? ? ? |
3.General Past Tense (Жалпы) {-ган+possessions}
suffixes | examples | gloss |
---|---|---|
-ган+possessions | бар+ган,бар+га(м), бар+ган+сың | he went,i went, you went |
4.Habit past tense (Адат) {-чу + possessions}
suffixes | examples | gloss |
---|---|---|
-чу + possessions | бар+чу, кел+чү, жаз+чу+мун,оку+чу+суң, ойно+чу+суз | he/she/i/you regularly went,came,wrote,read,played |