Northern Sámi and Norwegian/Derivations

Derivations: general rules and exceptions

Sámi has a lot of derivation rules; sometimes the derived words have lexicalised translations in Bokmål, like ráhkisvuohta→kjærlighet, these we treat as exceptions which have to be specified in bidix. Other times we can use a general rule, like lohkagohten→begynte.1SG å lese.

We have two strategies for handling the rule/exception situation.

1. For the situation where we have many exceptions, we let the analysis be eg. geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N><Pl> and from here there are two paths
   1. either this specific analysis is in bidix, here translating into bruker<n><m><pl>, or
   2. we have to use a transfer rule, in this case translating into de som bruker
2. For the situation where we have few exceptions, we use dev/xfst2apertium.relabel to split the analysis into two lexical units. Two lexical units can't be specified in bidix, so here
   1. exceptions have to be added to the .lexc file as if they were lexicalised, so they remain one lexical unit
   2. while general transfer rules now match a pattern of two lexical units

The former is used for most derivations, the latter currently only for Der_goahti.

More detailed: Deverbal nouns

Sámi verbs can turn into nouns. We want to be able to put this explicitly into the bidix (eg. sometimes the nob noun is not even based on the nob verb), but if it's not in bidix we want to be able to fall back on a construction using the verb, so

• from geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N>
• with fallback => de som bruker<vblex> (or something)
• bidix specified => bruker<n><m>

With the following bidix entries we specify that we want bruker<n><m> in the above example:

    <e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/></l><r>bruke<s n="vblex"/><s n="pers"/></r></p><par n="__verb"/></e>
    <e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/><s n="Der2"/><s n="Actor"/><s n="N"/></l><r>bruker<s n="n"/><s n="m"/></r></p><par n="__n"/></e>

while if the second bidix line isn't there, we get the fallback. Transfer rules can now check

 <equal><clip side="tl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="N"/></equal>
 <equal><clip side="sl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="V"/></equal>

The same specification/fallback might be applied with other Derivations.

The transfer happens only in the NOM rule at the moment, but with slightly more complexity: It seems from most examples that the present tense verb form alone gives a better translation iff there is no lemq to the verb and it is singular, so the above would give "bruker" (if singular), while ovddasvástideaddji/Ovddasvástidit<V><IV><Der2><Actor><N><Sg><Nom><@SUBJ→>$ (which in nob has a lemq, "# ansvar for") should give "Den som har ansvar (for)".

Other fallbacks

• Der/at, Adj->Adv, gets adj.posi.nt.sg.ind ("vid" => "vidt")
• Der/vuohta, Adj->N, gets adj...def, eg. "grunn" -> "det grunne" (bidix overrides "fattig" to "fattigdom")
• Der/st, V->V_Diminutive, passes through as if nothing happened (although we could add the adverb "litt"?)
• Der/las, V->Adj gets adj.pprs ("gi"->"givende", should be "generøs"?)

Derivation tags and their meanings

Note: Við eigum að breyta mörk neðan af því að það er ekki hægt að nota /. í mörkum í apertium. En þá eigum við að breyta CG líka...

There are also derivations of derivations:

"<geavaheaddjis>"
...
          "geavvat" V* IV* Der1 Der/h V* TV Der2 Actor N Sg Acc PxSg3

For transfer purposes it might be simplest to treat these "flatly" as if they were single derivations (ie. Der1_Der_h_V_TV_Der2).

Tag	Type	Example	in Bokmål
Der/Dimin	Diminutive	mánáš "mánná" N Der1 Der/Dimin N Sg Nom	barn→lite barn
Der/1 Der/st	Diminutive verb	attestit "addit" V TV Der1 Der/st V Inf	gi→gi litt
Der/adda	V→N/PrfPrc/Actio	bassaladdan "bassalit" V* TV Der2 Der/adda	→vaske tøy (bassat=vaske)
Der/ahtti	V→V	vajálduhttit "vajálduvvat" V* IV* Der2 Der/ahtti V TV	→overse/glemme
Der/alla	suffix	bázáhallan "bázihit" V* TV Der2 Der/alla V Actio	→
Der/amoš	suffix	muitalamoš "muitalit" V TV Der3 Der/amoš N Sg Nom	fortelle→
Der/asti	suffix	muitalastit "muitalit" V TV Der2 Der/asti V Inf	fortelle→
Der/at	Adj→Adv	viidát "viiddis" A* Der2 Der/at Adv	vid→vidt
Der/d	V→V[refl]	basadit "bassat" V TV Der1 Der/d V	vaske→vaske seg
Der/eaddji	V→N.Actor	muitaleaddji "muitalit" V TV Der2 Actor N Sg Nom	fortelle→forteller
Der/eamoš	suffix	muitaleamoš "muitalit" V* TV Der3 Der/eamoš	fortelle→
Der/eapmi	V→N	deaivvadeapmi "deaivvadit" V IV Der2 Der/eapmi N Sg Nom	møte(V) → møte(N)
Der/easti	suffix	muitaleastit "muitalit" V TV Der2 Der/easti V Inf	fortelle →
Der/geahtes	suffix	eaiggátkeahtes "eaiggát" N* Der3 Der/geahtes	eier →
Der/goahti	V→V Inchoative	boradišgohten "boradit" V TV Der3 Der/goahti V Ind Prt Sg1	spise → jeg begynte å spise
Der/h	suffix	geavaheaddji "geavvat" V* IV* Der1 Der/h V* TV Der2 Actor; orrohit "orrot" V* IV Der1 Der/h V	heve seg→ ; bli/synes→
Der/halla	V→V[recip]	gulahallat "gullat" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/halla	høre→forstå hverandre («høre hverandre»?)
Der/heapmi	suffix	čađaheapmi "čađđa" N* Der1 Der2 Der/heapmi A	→
Der/huhtti	suffix	muosehuhttit "muoseheapme" A* Der1 Der/huhtti V* TV	urolig→
Der/huvva	suffix	čađahuvvo "čađđa" N* Der1 Der2 Der/huvva V IV Imprt Prs ConNegII	→
Der/j	suffix	sáddejuvvot "sáddet" V* TV Der1 Der/j V* Der2 Der/PassL V	sende→
Der1 Der/l	V→V[subitive]	borralit "borralit" V TV Der1 Der/l V	spise→spise (i hast)
Der/l	????	ohcalit "ohcat" V* TV Der1 Der/l V	lete→savne/lengte etter
Der/las	suffix	lotnolas "lotnut" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/las A	betale→
Der/laš	N→Adj	dábálaš "dáhpi" N Der1 Der/laš A Sg Nom	skikk→vanlig
Der/lágan	suffix	earálágan "eará" Pron Indef Sg Gen Der1 Der/lágan A	annen/andre→
Der/meahttun	V→Adj[Neg]	jáhkkemeahttun "jáhkkit" V TV Der1 Der/meahttun A Sg Nom	tro/anta→utrolig
Der/muš	suffix	??? "juhkat" V TV Der3 Der/muš N Sg Nom	drikke→
Der/n	suffix	oažžun "oažžut" V* TV Der3 Der/n N	få→?
Der/st	Diminutive V→V	oainnestit, várástit "várát" V TV Der1 Der/st V	se→skimte (add "litt"?)
Der/stuvva	suffix	fuolastuvvat "fuollat" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/stuvva V	bry seg om→
Der/supmi	suffix	čállosupmi "čállit" V* TV Der2 Der/PassL V* Der3 Der/supmi N	skrive/...→
Der/upmi	suffix	mearkkašupmi "mearkkašit" V* TV Der2 Der/PassL V* Der3 Der/upmi	merge seg→
Der/viđá	suffix	málestanviđá "málet" V TV Der1 Der/st V Der2 Der/eapmi N SgCmp Der/viđá Adv	male→
Der/vuohta	Adj→N	ráhkisvuohta "ráhkis" A Der3 Der/vuohta N Sg Nom	kjær→kjærlighet