Difference between revisions of "Northern Sámi and Norwegian"
Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
===Case to possessor phrase=== |
===Case to possessor phrase=== |
||
* ''Gen N'' goes to ''N-Def til Possessor'' |
* ''Gen N'' goes to ''N-Def til Possessor''; but for bokmål, ''Gen's N'' would be simpler and fine in most cases |
||
** for both expressions, definiteness is more or less trivial |
|||
==Agreement== |
==Agreement== |
Revision as of 07:25, 19 January 2010
Corpus
TODO:
Word order
sme not-V2 and nob V2
sme OV tendencies and no nob OV
nob particle verbs
Definiteness in nob
Case
Case to preposition
This is for adverbial cases
Case to object
Accusative objects are just translated. The issue here is definiteness.
Case to possessor phrase
- Gen N goes to N-Def til Possessor; but for bokmål, Gen's N would be simpler and fine in most cases
- for both expressions, definiteness is more or less trivial
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement to be removed.
subject insertion from pro-drop
Pro-drop sentences should have subjects inserted, observing the nob V2 rule:
- Topicalised sentences
- X + V goes to X + V + subjpron
- X + Neg + V goes to X + V + subjpron + ikke
- Verb-initial sentences
- V goes to subjpron + V
- Neg + V goes to subjpron + V
Negation
Negation is a verb in sme, an adverbial in nob.
- Subj + Neg + ConNeg goes to Subj + Prs + ikke
- Subj + Neg + PrfPrtc goes to Subj + Prt + ikke
- Neg + Subj + ConNeg goes to Subj + Prs + ikke
- Neg + Subj + PrfPrtc goes to Subj + Prt + ikke
- X + Neg (+ Subj) + ConNeg goes to X + Prs + Subj + ikke
- X + Neg (+ Subj) + PrfPrtc goes to X + Prt + Subj + ikke
Infinite verbforms
These are clause reducts, to be expanded to embedded sentences
Gerund
...
Actio locative
...
Actio essive
...
Pre- and post positions
Postposition to preposition
Lexical selection
Adverbials
Clause types
Yes-no questions
Verb-initial yes-no questions are directly translated, with go removal
When other constituents are added
Relative clauses
sme relative pronoun into nob "som"
"som" may be deleted when the relative refers to
Passive clauses
Morphology
Syntax
POS disambiguation
vai
..
Existential sentences
- Insert det in the nob translation
Problems
Generating definiteness
Features we might be able to use: subject/object, theme/focus, prepositions?
- Du dálkasis sáhtii leamaš ávki => Din(det.poss) medisin(ind) kan ha vært til nytte
- Mánná oađđá => Barnet(def) sover (but is this ambiguous?)
- Son lea čeahpes bárdni => Han er en(art) flink(ind) gutt(ind)
- Dá livččii skeaŋka din čeahpes bárdnai => Her er en gave jeg kunne ønske å gi den(art) flinke(def) sønnen(def) deres(det.poss)
Sámi collective nouns are marked Coll, but there's no collective nor mass noun marking in nob.dix, so I guess that's not much help.
leat => være / ha
- Mánát leat boahtán skuvlii => Barnene har kommet til skolen
- verb afterwards: har (well in this case "er" works, movement verb, but in general)
- Dat lea sihke buorre ja heittot => Det er både bra og dårlig
- Norga.no deháleamos doaibma lea ofelastit geavaheaddjiid almmolaš bálvalusaide => Norge.no's viktigste oppgave er å veivise brukere til offentlige tjenester
- å afterwards: er
- Mus lea oahpahus gaskkal guovtti ja njealji => Jeg har undervisning mellom to og fire
- "from.me is teaching between two and four"
- Mus lea biepmu => Jeg har mat
- "from.me is food"
- "Mus" is
<Loc><@HAB>
in both these;
- Ii mus leat bahá vuoigŋa => Jeg er ikke besatt
- "not.3SG from.me is.CONNEG angry spirit"
- counterexample to the two above...because of negation? or the adjective?
- Mun lean buorre => Jeg er god
- Son lea čeahpes bárdni => Han er en flink gutt
- "Mun", "Son" are not
<Loc><@HAB>
...
- "Mun", "Son" are not
- Mus lea gažaldat didjiide => Jeg har et spørsmål til dere
Possible transfer for the loc @HAB thing:
In t2x, if we have @HAB leat @<SUBJ
, we can pretend we have @subj er/har @obj
. Should be able to do something like that with
^Ii/Ii<V><IV><Neg><Ind><Sg3><@+FAUXV>$ ^mus/mun<Pron><Pers><Sg1><Loc><@HAB>$ ^leat/leat<V><IV><Ind><Prs><ConNeg><@-FMAINV>$ ^bahá/bahá<A><Sg><Nom><@←SPRED>$ ^vuoigŋa/vuoigŋa<N><Sg><Nom><@←SUBJ>$
too.
Derivations: general rules and exceptions
Sámi has a lot of derivation rules; sometimes the derived words have lexicalised translations in Bokmål, like ráhkisvuohta→kjærlighet, these we treat as exceptions which have to be specified in bidix. Other times we can use a general rule, like lohkagohten→begynte.1SG å lese.
We have two strategies for handling the rule/exception situation.
- For the situation where we have many exceptions, we let the analysis be eg.
geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N><Pl>
and from here there are two paths- either this specific analysis is in bidix, here translating into
bruker<n><m><pl>
, or - we have to use a transfer rule, in this case translating into
de som bruker
- either this specific analysis is in bidix, here translating into
- For the situation where we have few exceptions, we use
dev/xfst2apertium.relabel
to split the analysis into two lexical units. Two lexical units can't be specified in bidix, so here- exceptions have to be added to the .lexc file as if they were lexicalised, so they remain one lexical unit
- while general transfer rules now match a pattern of two lexical units
More detailed: Deverbal nouns
Sámi verbs can turn into nouns. We want to be able to put this explicitly into the bidix (eg. sometimes the nob noun is not even based on the nob verb), but if it's not in bidix we want to be able to fall back on a construction using the verb, so
- from
geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N>
- with fallback
=> de som bruker<vblex>
(or something) - bidix specified
=> bruker<n><m>
With the following bidix entries we specify that we want bruker<n><m>
in the above example:
<e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/></l><r>bruke<s n="vblex"/><s n="pers"/></r></p><par n="__verb"/></e> <e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/><s n="Der2"/><s n="Actor"/><s n="N"/></l><r>bruker<s n="n"/><s n="m"/></r></p><par n="__n"/></e>
while if the second bidix line isn't there, we get the fallback. Transfer rules can now check
<equal><clip side="tl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="N"/></equal> <equal><clip side="sl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="V"/></equal>
The same specification/fallback might be applied with other Derivations.
Derivations
Note: Við eigum að breyta mörk neðan af því að það er ekki hægt að nota /
. í mörkum í apertium. En þá eigum við að breyta CG líka...
Tag | Type | Notes |
---|---|---|
Der/Dimin |
Diminutive | mánáš mánná+N+Der1+Der/Dimin+N+Sg+Nom - small child |
Der/adda |
suffix | |
Der/ahtti |
suffix | |
Der/alla |
suffix | |
Der/amoš |
suffix | |
Der/asti |
suffix | |
Der/aš |
suffix | |
Der/d |
suffix | |
Der/duohkai |
suffix | |
Der/duohke |
suffix | |
Der/eaddji |
suffix | |
Der/eamoš |
suffix | |
Der/eapmi |
V→N |
deaivadit - meet, deaivvadeapmi - meeting |
Der/easti |
suffix | |
Der/g |
suffix | |
Der/geahtes |
suffix | |
Der/goahti |
V→V |
Inchoative: "Boradišgohten": "Jeg begynte å holde måltid" |
Der/h |
suffix | |
Der/halla |
suffix | |
Der/hat |
suffix | |
Der/heapmi |
suffix | |
Der/hudda |
suffix | |
Der/huhtti |
suffix | |
Der/huvva |
suffix | |
Der/j |
suffix | |
Der/l |
suffix | |
Der/las |
suffix | |
Der/laš |
suffix | dábálaš dáhpi+N+Der1+Der/laš+A+Sg+Nom - regular |
Der/lágan |
suffix | |
Der/meahttun |
suffix | jáhkkemeahttun jáhkkit+V+TV+Der1+Der/meahttun+A+Sg+Nom |
Der/muš |
suffix | juhkat+V+TV+Der3+Der/muš+N+Sg+Nom - drink |
Der/n |
suffix | |
Der/st |
suffix | |
Der/stuvva |
suffix | |
Der/supmi |
suffix | |
Der/upmi |
suffix | |
Der/us |
suffix | |
Der/viđi |
suffix | |
Der/viđá |
suffix | |
Der/vuohta |
suffix | ráhkisvuohta ráhkis+A+Der3+Der/vuohta+N+Sg+Nom - love |
Der/vuolde |
suffix | |
Der/vuollai |
suffix | |
Der/vuolle |
suffix | |
Der/š |
suffix |
See also
External links
- Sametingets plenum pdf's with parallel (sme-nob) gov't text, choose eg. Publikasjoner-Møtebøker-Plenum
- lookup Sámi words in giellatekno hfst online