Northern Sámi and Norwegian

Corpus

TODO:

Case

Case to preposition

This is for adverbial cases

Case to object

Accusative objects are just translated. The issue here is definiteness.

Case to possessor phrase=

• Gen N goes to N-Def til Possessor (etc, etc)

Agreement

Subject-verb agreement to be removed.

subject insertion from pro-drop

Pro-drop sentences should have subjects inserted, observing the nob V2 rule:

• Topicalised sentences
  • X + V goes to X + V + subjpron
  • X + Neg + V goes to X + V + subjpron + ikke
• Verb-initial sentences
  • V goes to subjpron + V
  • Neg + V goes to subjpron + V

Negation

Negation is a verb in sme, an adverbial in nob.

• Subj + Neg + ConNeg goes to Subj + Prs + ikke
• Subj + Neg + PrfPrtc goes to Subj + Prt + ikke
• Neg + Subj + ConNeg goes to Subj + Prs + ikke
• Neg + Subj + PrfPrtc goes to Subj + Prt + ikke
• X + Neg (+ Subj) + ConNeg goes to X + Prs + Subj + ikke
• X + Neg (+ Subj) + PrfPrtc goes to X + Prt + Subj + ikke

Infinite verbforms

These are clause reducts, to be expanded to embedded sentences

Gerund

...

Actio locative

...

Actio essive

...

Clause types

Yes-no questions

Verb-initial yes-no questions are directly translated, with go removal

When other constituents are added

Relative clauses

sme relative pronoun into nob "som"

"som" may be deleted when the relative refers to

Syntax

POS disambiguation

vai

..

Existential sentences

• Insert det in the nob translation

Problems

Generating definiteness

Features we might be able to use: subject/object, theme/focus, prepositions?

• Du dálkasis sáhtii leamaš ávki => Din(det.poss) medisin(ind) kan ha vært til nytte
• Mánná oađđá => Barnet(def) sover (but is this ambiguous?)
• Son lea čeahpes bárdni => Han er en(art) flink(ind) gutt(ind)
• Dá livččii skeaŋka din čeahpes bárdnai => Her er en gave jeg kunne ønske å gi den(art) flinke(def) sønnen(def) deres(det.poss)

Sámi collective nouns are marked Coll, but there's no collective nor mass noun marking in nob.dix, so I guess that's not much help.

leat => være / ha

• Mánát leat boahtán skuvlii => Barnene har kommet til skolen
  • verb afterwards: har (well in this case "er" works, movement verb, but in general)

• Dat lea sihke buorre ja heittot => Det er både bra og dårlig
• Norga.no deháleamos doaibma lea ofelastit geavaheaddjiid almmolaš bálvalusaide => Norge.no's viktigste oppgave er å veivise brukere til offentlige tjenester
  • å afterwards: er

• Mus lea oahpahus gaskkal guovtti ja njealji => Jeg har undervisning mellom to og fire
  • "from.me is teaching between two and four"
• Mus lea biepmu => Jeg har mat
  • "from.me is food"
  • "Mus" is <Loc><@HAB> in both these;
• Ii mus leat bahá vuoigŋa => Jeg er ikke besatt
  • "not.3SG from.me is.CONNEG angry spirit"
  • counterexample to the two above...because of negation? or the adjective?

• Mun lean buorre => Jeg er god
• Son lea čeahpes bárdni => Han er en flink gutt
  • "Mun", "Son" are not <Loc><@HAB> ...

• Mus lea gažaldat didjiide => Jeg har et spørsmål til dere

Possible transfer for the loc @HAB thing: In t2x, if we have @HAB leat @<SUBJ, we can pretend we have @subj er/har @obj. Should be able to do something like that with

^Ii/Ii<V><IV><Neg><Ind><Sg3><@+FAUXV>$
^mus/mun<Pron><Pers><Sg1><Loc><@HAB>$
^leat/leat<V><IV><Ind><Prs><ConNeg><@-FMAINV>$
^bahá/bahá<A><Sg><Nom><@←SPRED>$
^vuoigŋa/vuoigŋa<N><Sg><Nom><@←SUBJ>$

too.

Derivations: general rules and exceptions

Sámi has a lot of derivation rules; sometimes the derived words have lexicalised translations in Bokmål, like ráhkisvuohta→kjærlighet, these we treat as exceptions which have to be specified in bidix. Other times we can use a general rule, like lohkagohten→begynte.1SG å lese.

We have two strategies for handling the rule/exception situation.

1. For the situation where we have many exceptions, we let the analysis be eg. geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N><Pl> and from here there are two paths
   1. either this specific analysis is in bidix, here translating into bruker<n><m><pl>, or
   2. we have to use a transfer rule, in this case translating into de som bruker
2. For the situation where we have few exceptions, we use dev/xfst2apertium.relabel to split the analysis into two lexical units. Two lexical units can't be specified in bidix, so here
   1. exceptions have to be added to the .lexc file as if they were lexicalised, so they remain one lexical unit
   2. while general transfer rules now match a pattern of two lexical units

More detailed: Deverbal nouns

Sámi verbs can turn into nouns. We want to be able to put this explicitly into the bidix (eg. sometimes the nob noun is not even based on the nob verb), but if it's not in bidix we want to be able to fall back on a construction using the verb, so

• from geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N>
• with fallback => de som bruker<vblex> (or something)
• bidix specified => bruker<n><m>

With the following bidix entries we specify that we want bruker<n><m> in the above example:

    <e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/></l><r>bruke<s n="vblex"/><s n="pers"/></r></p><par n="__verb"/></e>
    <e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/><s n="Der2"/><s n="Actor"/><s n="N"/></l><r>bruker<s n="n"/><s n="m"/></r></p><par n="__n"/></e>

while if the second bidix line isn't there, we get the fallback. Transfer rules can now check

 <equal><clip side="tl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="N"/></equal>
 <equal><clip side="sl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="V"/></equal>

The same specification/fallback might be applied with other Derivations.

Derivations

Note: Við eigum að breyta mörk neðan af því að það er ekki hægt að nota /. í mörkum í apertium. En þá eigum við að breyta CG líka...

Tag	Type	Notes
Der/Dimin	Diminutive	mánáš mánná+N+Der1+Der/Dimin+N+Sg+Nom - small child
Der/adda	suffix
Der/ahtti	suffix
Der/alla	suffix
Der/amoš	suffix
Der/asti	suffix
Der/aš	suffix
Der/d	suffix
Der/duohkai	suffix
Der/duohke	suffix
Der/eaddji	suffix
Der/eamoš	suffix
Der/eapmi	V→N	deaivadit - meet, deaivvadeapmi - meeting
Der/easti	suffix
Der/g	suffix
Der/geahtes	suffix
Der/goahti	V→V	Inchoative: "Boradišgohten": "Jeg begynte å holde måltid"
Der/h	suffix
Der/halla	suffix
Der/hat	suffix
Der/heapmi	suffix
Der/hudda	suffix
Der/huhtti	suffix
Der/huvva	suffix
Der/j	suffix
Der/l	suffix
Der/las	suffix
Der/laš	suffix	dábálaš dáhpi+N+Der1+Der/laš+A+Sg+Nom - regular
Der/lágan	suffix
Der/meahttun	suffix	jáhkkemeahttun jáhkkit+V+TV+Der1+Der/meahttun+A+Sg+Nom
Der/muš	suffix	juhkat+V+TV+Der3+Der/muš+N+Sg+Nom - drink
Der/n	suffix
Der/st	suffix
Der/stuvva	suffix
Der/supmi	suffix
Der/upmi	suffix
Der/us	suffix
Der/viđi	suffix
Der/viđá	suffix
Der/vuohta	suffix	ráhkisvuohta ráhkis+A+Der3+Der/vuohta+N+Sg+Nom - love
Der/vuolde	suffix
Der/vuollai	suffix
Der/vuolle	suffix
Der/š	suffix

See also

• Pending tests

External links

• Sametingets plenum pdf's with parallel (sme-nob) gov't text, choose eg. Publikasjoner-Møtebøker-Plenum