Uralic languages

The Uralic languages (urj) constitute a language family of some three dozen related languages descended from a Proto-Uralic language and spoken by more than 25 million people throughout Europe and Northern Asia. Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian are the Uralic languages with the most native speakers.

The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below.

Status

The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Uralic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a CG for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs.

Transducers

Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production".

name	language	native name	ISO 639		formalism	state	stems	paradigms	coverage	location	primary authors
			-2	-3
apertium-fin	Finnish	Suomen kieli	fi	fin	lttoolbox	production	408,216	1,526		apertium-fin (languages)	Trond, mie
apertium-myv	Erzya	eŕźań keĺ	–	myv	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	74,977	—		apertium-myv-fin (incubator)	Fran, jackrueter
apertium-liv	Livonian	līvõ kēļ	–	liv	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	11,646	—		apertium-liv-fin (incubator)	Fran, rblumber, jackrueter
apertium-mrj	Hill Mari	Мары йӹлмӹ	–	mrj	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	53,051	—		apertium-mrj-fin (incubator)	Fran, kuprina, jackrueter
apertium-olo	Livvi-Karelian	Livvi	–	olo	HFST (lexc+twol)	development	10,304	—		apertium-olo-fin (incubator)	Fran, rantakau, jackrueter
apertium-fkv	Kven	Kainun kieli	–	fkv	HFST (lexc+twol)	prototype	0	—		apertium-fkv-fin (incubator)	Fran, nikerabbit
apertium-sme	Northern Sami	davvisámegiella	sm	sme	HFST (lexc+twol)	prototype	726	—		apertium-eus-sme (incubator)	Linda
apertium-udm	Udmurt	удмурт кыл	–	udm	HFST (lexc+twol)	prototype	196	—		apertium-udm-rus (nursery)	Fran, Trond, Andrey, Лукерья, Алексей
apertium-hun	Hungarian	magyar	hu	hun	lttoolbox	prototype	138	50		apertium-hun (incubator)	mie
apertium-kpv	Komi-Zyrian	Коми кыв	–	kpv	HFST (lexc+twol)	prototype	135	—		apertium-kpv-mhr (incubator)	Fran, Trond, Fedina, Andrei Chemyshev
apertium-mhr	Meadow Mari	Олык Марий	–	mhr	HFST (lexc+twol)	prototype	117	—		apertium-kpv-mhr (incubator)	Fran, Fedina, Andrei Chemyshev
apertium-est	Estonian	eesti keel	et	est	HFST (lexc+twol)	prototype		—		apertium-fin-est (incubator)	Fran
apertium-smj	Lule Sami	julevsámegiella	–	smj	lttoolbox	prototype		—		apertium-sme-smj (incubator)	Fran, Linda
apertium-sma	Southern Sami	Åarjelsaemien gïele	–	sma	lttoolbox	?		—		apertium-sme-sma (nursery)	Fran, Trond, rtxanson, leneant, makappfj
apertium-smn	Inari Sami		–	smn	lttoolbox	?		—		apertium-sme-smn (incubator)

Uralic languages by subgroup

All Uralic languages are thought to have descended, through independent processes of language change, from Proto-Uralic. The traditional classification is as follows:

• Samoyedic languages
• Finno-Ugric → Ugric (Ugrian)
  • Hungarian
  • Ob-Ugric languages (Ob Ugrian)
    • Khanty
    • Mansi
• Finno-Ugric → Finno-Permic (Permian-Finnic)
  • Permic languages: Komi (Komi-Zyrian, Komi-Permyak), Udmurt
  • Finno-Volgaic languages (Finno-Cheremisic, Finno-Mari)
    • Mari: Meadow Mari, Hill Mari
    • Mordvinic languages: Erzya
    • Finno-Lappic languages (Finno-Saamic, Finno-Samic)
      • Sami languages: Northern Sami, Southern Sami, Inari Sami, Lule Sami
      • Finnic languages: Finnish, Estonian, Võro, Kven, Livonian

Existing language pairs

Text in italic denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in bold denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk.

	hun	fin	fkv	liv	olo	mrj	myv	udm	kpv	sme	sma	mhr	est	smj	smn
hun	-	fin-hun 153
fin	fin-hun 153	-	fkv-fin 217	liv-fin 1	olo-fin 197	mrj-fin 273	myv-fin 401	fin-udm 93	kpv-fin 1	sme-fin 7,160			fin-est 16,584
fkv		fkv-fin 217	-
liv		liv-fin 1		-
olo		olo-fin 197			-
mrj		mrj-fin 273				-
myv		myv-fin 401					-
udm		fin-udm 93						-
kpv		kpv-fin 1							-			kpv-mhr 127
sme		sme-fin 7,160								-	sme-sma 15,185			sme-smj 39,525	sme-smn 139
sma										sme-sma 15,185	-
mhr									kpv-mhr 127			-
est		fin-est 16,584											-
smj										sme-smj 39,525				-
smn										sme-smn 139					-
ces		fin-ces 235
deu										sme-deu 6
eng	hun-eng 1,253	fin-eng 159,257
epo	eo-hu 31,689	eo-fi 1,043
eus	eu-hu 316	eus-fin ?								eus-sme 586
gle		fin-gle 181
hbs		fin-hbs 250
isl		fin-isl 1,000
ita		fin-ita ?
nob										sme-nob 74,763
nor													est-nor ?
rus								udm-rus 148
sjd										sme-sjd ?
spa		fin-spa 283								sme-spa 1
swe		fin-swe 1,893

Samples

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Language	Text
Finnish	Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.
Saami, Northern	Buot olbmot leat riegádan friddjan ja olmmošárvvu ja olmmošvuoigatvuoðaid dáfus dássásažžab, Sudhuude kea addib huervnu ha ianedivdym ha vyigjat gakget neabbydut gyunnuudeaset gyivdy vuekhakaš vuoiŋŋain.
Hungarian	Minden. emberi lény szabadon születik és egyenlő méltósága és joga van. Az emberek, ésszel és lelkiismerettel bírván, egymással szemben testvéri szellemben kell hogy viseltessenek.
Estonian	Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Uralic languages", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Vulnerability

This table summarizes the vulnerability of various Uralic languages. Data is derived from the ‘Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, © UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas’ and Ethnologue.

Language	ISO639-3	Location	Speakers	Status
				Ethnologue	UNESCO
Kamas	xas	Russian Federation	0	10 (Extinct)	-
Saami, Akkala	sia	Russian Federation	0	9 (Dormant)	5 (Extinct)
Liv	liv	Latvia	15	8b (Nearly extinct)	4 (Critically endangered)
Saami, Ume	sju	Sweden	20	8b (Nearly extinct)	4 (Critically endangered)
Saami, Pite	sje	Norway, Sweden	20	8b (Nearly extinct)	4 (Critically endangered)
Enets, Forest	enf	Russian Federation	40	8b (Nearly extinct)	4 (Critically endangered)
Enets, Tundra	enh	Russian Federation	40	8b (Nearly extinct)	4 (Critically endangered)
Vod	vot	Russian Federation	68	8b (Nearly extinct)	4 (Critically endangered)
Ingrian	izh	Russian Federation	120	8b (Nearly extinct)	3 (Severely endangered)
Nganasan	nio	Russian Federation	130	8b (Nearly extinct)	3 (Severely endangered)
Saami, Kildin	sjd	Russian Federation	350	8b (Nearly extinct)	3 (Severely endangered)
Saami, Ter	sjt	Russian Federation	350	8b (Nearly extinct)	4 (Critically endangered)
Ludian	lud	Russian Federation	25,600	8a (Moribund)	3 (Severely endangered)
Saami, Skolt	sms	Finland, Norway, Russian Federation	650	7 (Shifting)	3 (Severely endangered)
Mansi	mns	Russian Federation	940	6b (Threatened)	4 (Critically endangered)
Veps	vep	Russian Federation	3,610	6b (Threatened)	3 (Severely endangered)
Khanty	kca	Russian Federation	9,580	6b (Threatened)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Nenets	yrk	Russian Federation	21,900	6b (Threatened)	3 (Severely endangered)
Livvi-Karelian	olo	Finland, Russian Federation	25,600	6b (Threatened)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Võro	vro	Estonia	60,000	6b (Threatened)	-
Selkup	sel	Russian Federation	1,020	5 (Developing)	4 (Critically endangered)
Komi-Permyak	koi	Russian Federation	63,100	5 (Developing)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Komi-Zyrian	kpv	Russian Federation	156,000	5 (Developing)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Udmurt	udm	Russian Federation	339,800	5 (Developing)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Mari, Hill	mrj	Russian Federation	388,000	5 (Developing)	3 (Severely endangered)
Erzya	myv	Russian Federation	431,700	5 (Developing)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Moksha	mdf	Russian Federation	432,000	5 (Developing)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Finnish, Kven	fkv	Norway	5,000	4 (Educational)	-
Karelian	krl	Finland, Russian Federation	25,600	4 (Educational)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Mari, Meadow	mhr	Russian Federation	388,000	4 (Educational)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Saami, Inari	smn	Finland	300	2 (Provincial)	3 (Severely endangered)
Saami, South	sma	Norway, Sweden	600	2 (Provincial)	3 (Severely endangered)
Saami, Lule	smj	Norway, Sweden	2,000	2 (Provincial)	3 (Severely endangered)
Saami, North	sme	Finland, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden	20,700	2 (Provincial)	2 (Definitely endangered)
Finnish, Tornedalen	fit	Sweden	60,000	2 (Provincial)	-
Estonian, Standard	ekk	Estonia	1,018,400	1 (National)	-
Finnish	fin	Finland	4,994,490	1 (National)	-
Hungarian	hun	Hungary & Romania	12,319,330	1 (National)	3 (Severely endangered)

See also

• Volga-Kama languages