Difference between revisions of "Morphology of Kumyk"
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{|class=wikitable |
{|class=wikitable |
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! Tag !! Morpheme !! Description |
! Tag !! Morpheme !! Description !! Example |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|n}} || <code>-</code> || Noun |
| {{tag|n}} || <code>-</code> || Noun || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|v}} || <code>-</code> || Verb |
| {{tag|v}} || <code>-</code> || Verb || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|np}} || <code>-</code> || Proper noun |
| {{tag|np}} || <code>-</code> || Proper noun || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|ij}} || <code>-</code> || Interjection |
| {{tag|ij}} || <code>-</code> || Interjection || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|num}} || <code>-</code> || Numeral |
| {{tag|num}} || <code>-</code> || Numeral || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|adj}} || <code>-</code> || Adjective |
| {{tag|adj}} || <code>-</code> || Adjective || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|cop}} || <code>-</code> || Copula |
| {{tag|cop}} || <code>-</code> || Copula || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|det}} || <code>-</code> || Determiner |
| {{tag|det}} || <code>-</code> || Determiner || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|prn}} || <code>-</code> || Pronoun |
| {{tag|prn}} || <code>-</code> || Pronoun || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|adv}} || <code>-</code> || Adverb |
| {{tag|adv}} || <code>-</code> || Adverb || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|post}} || <code>-</code> || Postposition |
| {{tag|post}} || <code>-</code> || Postposition || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|vaux}} || <code>-</code> || Auxiliary verb |
| {{tag|vaux}} || <code>-</code> || Auxiliary verb || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|postadv}} || <code>-</code> || Postadverb |
| {{tag|postadv}} || <code>-</code> || Postadverb || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|cnjsub}} || <code>-</code> || Subordinating conjunction |
| {{tag|cnjsub}} || <code>-</code> || Subordinating conjunction || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|cnjcoo}} || <code>-</code> || Coordinating conjunction |
| {{tag|cnjcoo}} || <code>-</code> || Coordinating conjunction || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|cnjadv}} || <code>-</code> || Adverbial conjunction |
| {{tag|cnjadv}} || <code>-</code> || Adverbial conjunction || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|emph}} || <code>-</code> || Emphatic word |
| {{tag|emph}} || <code>-</code> || Emphatic word || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|abbr}} || <code>-</code> || Abbreviation |
| {{tag|abbr}} || <code>-</code> || Abbreviation || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|qst}} || <code>-</code> || Question word |
| {{tag|qst}} || <code>-</code> || Question word || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|attr}} || <code>-</code> || Attributive (modifier) |
| {{tag|attr}} || <code>-</code> || Attributive (modifier) || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|subst}} || <code>-</code> || Substantive |
| {{tag|subst}} || <code>-</code> || Substantive || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|advl}} || <code>-</code> || Adverbial |
| {{tag|advl}} || <code>-</code> || Adverbial || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|top}} || <code>-</code> || Toponym |
| {{tag|top}} || <code>-</code> || Toponym || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|ant}} || <code>-</code> || Anthroponym (first name) |
| {{tag|ant}} || <code>-</code> || Anthroponym (first name) || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|cog}} || <code>-</code> || Second name |
| {{tag|cog}} || <code>-</code> || Second name || |
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|- |
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| {{tag|pat}} || <code>-</code> || Patronymic |
| {{tag|pat}} || <code>-</code> || Patronymic || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|pers}} || <code>-</code> || Personal |
| {{tag|pers}} || <code>-</code> || Personal || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|acr}} || <code>-</code> || Acronym |
| {{tag|acr}} || <code>-</code> || Acronym || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|al}} || <code>-</code> || Other |
| {{tag|al}} || <code>-</code> || Other || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|ind}} || <code>-</code> || Indefinite |
| {{tag|ind}} || <code>-</code> || Indefinite || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|dem}} || <code>-</code> || Demonstrative |
| {{tag|dem}} || <code>-</code> || Demonstrative || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|recip}} || <code>-</code> || Reciprocal |
| {{tag|recip}} || <code>-</code> || Reciprocal || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|itg}} || <code>-</code> || Interrogative |
| {{tag|itg}} || <code>-</code> || Interrogative || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|qnt}} || <code>-</code> || Quantifier |
| {{tag|qnt}} || <code>-</code> || Quantifier || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|ord}} || <code>-</code> || Ordinal |
| {{tag|ord}} || <code>-</code> || Ordinal || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|ref}} || <code>-</code> || Reflexive |
| {{tag|ref}} || <code>-</code> || Reflexive || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|m}} || <code>-</code> || Masculine |
| {{tag|m}} || <code>-</code> || Masculine || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|f}} || <code>-</code> || Feminine |
| {{tag|f}} || <code>-</code> || Feminine || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|mf}} || <code>-</code> || Masculine/feminine |
| {{tag|mf}} || <code>-</code> || Masculine/feminine || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|sg}} || <code>-</code> || Singular |
| {{tag|sg}} || <code>-</code> || Singular || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|pl}} || <code>-</code> || Plural |
| {{tag|pl}} || <code>-</code> || Plural || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|p1}} || <code>-</code> || First person |
| {{tag|p1}} || <code>-</code> || First person || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|p2}} || <code>-</code> || Second person |
| {{tag|p2}} || <code>-</code> || Second person || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|p3}} || <code>-</code> || Third person |
| {{tag|p3}} || <code>-</code> || Third person || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|px}} || <code>- |
| {{tag|px}} || <code>-{N}{I}ки{n}</code> || Possessive || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|px1sg}} || <code>-</code> || Possessive: First person singular |
| {{tag|px1sg}} || <code>-{I}м</code> || Possessive: First person singular || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|px2sg}} || <code>-</code> || Possessive: Second person singular |
| {{tag|px2sg}} || <code>-{I}нг</code> || Possessive: Second person singular || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|px3sp}} || <code>-</code> || Possessive: Third person singular/plural |
| {{tag|px3sp}} || <code>-{s}{I}{n}</code> || Possessive: Third person singular/plural || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|px1pl}} || <code>-</code> || Possessive: First person plural |
| {{tag|px1pl}} || <code>-{I}б{I}з</code> || Possessive: First person plural || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|px2pl}} || <code>-</code> || Possessive: Second person plural |
| {{tag|px2pl}} || <code>-{I}г{I}з</code> || Possessive: Second person plural || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|px3pl}} || <code>-</code> || Possessive: Third person plural |
| {{tag|px3pl}} || <code>-л{A}р</code> || Possessive: Third person plural || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|nom}} || <code>-</code> || Nominative |
| {{tag|nom}} || <code>-</code> || Nominative || |
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| {{tag|gen}} || <code>-</code> || Genitive |
| {{tag|gen}} || <code>-{N}{I}{ң}</code> || Genitive || |
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| {{tag|dat}} || <code>-</code> || Dative |
| {{tag|dat}} || <code>-г{A}</code> || Dative || |
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| {{tag|acc}} || <code>-</code> || Accusative |
| {{tag|acc}} || <code>-{N}{I}</code> || Accusative || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|loc}} || <code>-д{A}</code> || Locative |
| {{tag|loc}} || <code>-д{A}</code> || Locative || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|abl}} || <code>-д{A}н</code> || Ablative |
| {{tag|abl}} || <code>-д{A}н</code> || Ablative || |
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|- |
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| {{tag|abe}} || <code>-</code> || Abessive |
| {{tag|abe}} || <code>-с{I}з</code> || Abessive || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|sim}} || <code>д{A}й</code> || Similative |
| {{tag|sim}} || <code>-д{A}й</code> || Similative || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|iv}} || <code>-</code> || Intransitive |
| {{tag|iv}} || <code>-</code> || Intransitive || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|tv}} || <code>-</code> || Transitive |
| {{tag|tv}} || <code>-</code> || Transitive || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|pass}} || <code>-{I}л</code> || Passive |
| {{tag|pass}} || <code>-{I}л</code> || Passive || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|coop}} || <code>-{I}ш</code> || Cooperative |
| {{tag|coop}} || <code>-{I}ш</code> || Cooperative || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|caus}} || <code>-</code> || Causative |
| {{tag|caus}} || <code>-</code> || Causative || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|neg}} || <code>-</code> || Negative |
| {{tag|neg}} || <code>-м{A}</code> || Negative || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|fut}} || <code>-</code> || Future |
| {{tag|fut}} || <code>-{I}р, -{A}р</code> || Future || |
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|- |
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| {{tag|aor}} || <code>-{E}</code> || Aorist |
| {{tag|aor}} || <code>-{E}</code> || Aorist || |
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|- |
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| {{tag|past}} || <code>-</code> || Past |
| {{tag|past}} || <code>-г{A}н</code> || Past || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|pros}} || <code>-{A}ж{A}к</code> || Prospective |
| {{tag|pros}} || <code>-{A}ж{A}к</code> || Prospective || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|ifi}} || <code>-</code> || Past definite |
| {{tag|ifi}} || <code>-д{I}</code> || Past definite || |
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|- |
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| {{tag|imp}} || <code>-</code> || Imperative |
| {{tag|imp}} || <code>-</code> || Imperative || |
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|- |
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| {{tag|opt}} || <code>-</code> || Optative |
| {{tag|opt}} || <code>-</code> || Optative || |
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| {{tag|inf}} || <code>-м{A}к</code> || Infinitive |
| {{tag|inf}} || <code>-м{A}к</code> || Infinitive || |
||
|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|ger}} || <code>-</code> || Gerund |
| {{tag|ger}} || <code>-{I}в</code> || Gerund || |
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| {{tag|ger1}} || <code>-</code> || Gerund #1 |
| {{tag|ger1}} || <code>-м{A}</code> || Gerund #1 || |
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|- |
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| {{tag|ger_past}} || <code>-</code> || Past gerund |
| {{tag|ger_past}} || <code>-г{A}н</code> || Past gerund || |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{tag|ger_pros}} || <code>-</code> || Prospective gerund |
| {{tag|ger_pros}} || <code>-{A}ж{A}к</code> || Prospective gerund || |
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| {{tag|ger_impf}} || <code>-</code> || Imperfective gerund |
| {{tag|ger_impf}} || <code>-{E}г{A}н</code> || Imperfective gerund || |
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| {{tag|prc_perf}} || <code>-</code> || Perfect participle |
| {{tag|prc_perf}} || <code>-{I}п</code> || Perfect participle || |
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| {{tag| |
| {{tag|prc_cond}} || <code>-с{A}</code> || Conditional participle || |
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| {{tag| |
| {{tag|gna_perf}} || <code>-{I}п</code> || Perfective verbal adverb || |
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| {{tag| |
| {{tag|gna_cond}} || <code>-с{A}</code> || Conditional verbal adverb || |
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| {{tag| |
| {{tag|gna_until}} || <code>-г{I}нч{A}</code> || Verbal adverb "until..." || |
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| {{tag| |
| {{tag|gna_after}} || <code>-г{A}нл{I}</code> || Verbal adverb "after..." || |
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| {{tag| |
| {{tag|gpr_past}} || <code>-г{A}н</code> || Past verbal adjective || |
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| {{tag| |
| {{tag|gpr_impf}} || <code>-{E}г{A}н</code> || Imperfective verbal adjective || |
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| {{tag|gpr_past}} || <code>-</code> || Past verbal adjective |
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| {{tag|gpr_perf}} || <code>-</code> || Perfective verbal adjective |
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| {{tag|gpr_impf}} || <code>-</code> || Imperfective verbal adjective |
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Latest revision as of 20:53, 8 November 2013
Stuff about Kumyk.
Non-finite forms[edit]
- -GAnlI: "since..."
- Бизин уьлке янгы девюрде, янгы къурумда оьмюр сюрегенли 20 йылгъа ювукъ бола.
- -GAnčA: "until..."
- Йырчы Къазакъгъа гьали болгъанча ялаябылып турагъанлыкъ огъар бугьтан болуп токътай.
- In kaz,lexc
- Йырчы Къазакъгъа гьали болгъанча ялаябылып турагъанлыкъ огъар бугьтан болуп токътай.
%<gna_until%> ! -{G}{A}нш{A} !# "Мен кеткенше ол жауап бермейді.";
- In tat.lexc
%<gna_until%> ! -{G}{A}нч{I} ! (name covers only the temporal meaning of it, form has more) !# "Авылның басу капкасына _җиткәнче_ эңгер-меңгердә карлы юлдан !# озак кайта ул.";
Аффикс вопроса[edit]
- Прошедшее незаконченное время (Битмеген гетген заман) в кумыкском языке ⤴
Постановка аффикса вопроса: аффикс вопроса может стоять и после основного глагола на -а, -е, -й, и после вспомогательного глагола эди: язамы эдинг? // яза эдингми? Предпочтение отдают форме язамы эдинг?
- Прошедшее незаконченное время (Битмеген гетген заман) в кумыкском языке ⤴
Постановка аффикса вопроса: аффикс вопроса может стоять только после вспомогательного глагола: Айта болгъанмы? “Говорил ли?”
- Настоящее время (Гьалиги заман) ⤴
Вопросительная форма – Сорав форма Единственное число Множественное число Мен бараманмы? – я иду? Биз барабызмы? – мы идем? Сен барамысан? – ты идешь? Сиз барамысыз? – вы идете? О, ол барамы? – он идет? Олар барамы? – они идут?
- Давнопрошедшее время (Тезден гетген заман) в кумыкском языке ⤴
Постановка аффикса вопроса: аффикс вопроса может стоять и после основного глагола на -гъан и после вспомогательного глагола эди: Язгъанмы эдим // язгъан эдимми? “Писал (написал) ли я когда-то?”, “Писал (написал) ли я прежде?”.
Постановка аффикса вопроса: аффикс вопроса может стоять только после вспомогательного глагола: Язгъан болгъанманмы? “Писал ли я когда-то?”, “Написал ли я когда-то?”
Tagset[edit]
Tag | Morpheme | Description | Example |
---|---|---|---|
<n> |
- |
Noun | |
<v> |
- |
Verb | |
<np> |
- |
Proper noun | |
<ij> |
- |
Interjection | |
<num> |
- |
Numeral | |
<adj> |
- |
Adjective | |
<cop> |
- |
Copula | |
<det> |
- |
Determiner | |
<prn> |
- |
Pronoun | |
<adv> |
- |
Adverb | |
<post> |
- |
Postposition | |
<vaux> |
- |
Auxiliary verb | |
<postadv> |
- |
Postadverb | |
<cnjsub> |
- |
Subordinating conjunction | |
<cnjcoo> |
- |
Coordinating conjunction | |
<cnjadv> |
- |
Adverbial conjunction | |
<emph> |
- |
Emphatic word | |
<abbr> |
- |
Abbreviation | |
<qst> |
- |
Question word | |
<attr> |
- |
Attributive (modifier) | |
<subst> |
- |
Substantive | |
<advl> |
- |
Adverbial | |
<top> |
- |
Toponym | |
<ant> |
- |
Anthroponym (first name) | |
<cog> |
- |
Second name | |
<pat> |
- |
Patronymic | |
<pers> |
- |
Personal | |
<acr> |
- |
Acronym | |
<al> |
- |
Other | |
<ind> |
- |
Indefinite | |
<dem> |
- |
Demonstrative | |
<recip> |
- |
Reciprocal | |
<itg> |
- |
Interrogative | |
<qnt> |
- |
Quantifier | |
<ord> |
- |
Ordinal | |
<ref> |
- |
Reflexive | |
<m> |
- |
Masculine | |
<f> |
- |
Feminine | |
<mf> |
- |
Masculine/feminine | |
<sg> |
- |
Singular | |
<pl> |
- |
Plural | |
<p1> |
- |
First person | |
<p2> |
- |
Second person | |
<p3> |
- |
Third person | |
<px> |
-{N}{I}ки{n} |
Possessive | |
<px1sg> |
-{I}м |
Possessive: First person singular | |
<px2sg> |
-{I}нг |
Possessive: Second person singular | |
<px3sp> |
-{s}{I}{n} |
Possessive: Third person singular/plural | |
<px1pl> |
-{I}б{I}з |
Possessive: First person plural | |
<px2pl> |
-{I}г{I}з |
Possessive: Second person plural | |
<px3pl> |
-л{A}р |
Possessive: Third person plural | |
<nom> |
- |
Nominative | |
<gen> |
-{N}{I}{ң} |
Genitive | |
<dat> |
-г{A} |
Dative | |
<acc> |
-{N}{I} |
Accusative | |
<loc> |
-д{A} |
Locative | |
<abl> |
-д{A}н |
Ablative | |
<abe> |
-с{I}з |
Abessive | |
<sim> |
-д{A}й |
Similative | |
<iv> |
- |
Intransitive | |
<tv> |
- |
Transitive | |
<pass> |
-{I}л |
Passive | |
<coop> |
-{I}ш |
Cooperative | |
<caus> |
- |
Causative | |
<neg> |
-м{A} |
Negative | |
<fut> |
-{I}р, -{A}р |
Future | |
<aor> |
-{E} |
Aorist | |
<past> |
-г{A}н |
Past | |
<pros> |
-{A}ж{A}к |
Prospective | |
<ifi> |
-д{I} |
Past definite | |
<imp> |
- |
Imperative | |
<opt> |
- |
Optative | |
<inf> |
-м{A}к |
Infinitive | |
<ger> |
-{I}в |
Gerund | |
<ger1> |
-м{A} |
Gerund #1 | |
<ger_past> |
-г{A}н |
Past gerund | |
<ger_pros> |
-{A}ж{A}к |
Prospective gerund | |
<ger_impf> |
-{E}г{A}н |
Imperfective gerund | |
<prc_perf> |
-{I}п |
Perfect participle | |
<prc_cond> |
-с{A} |
Conditional participle | |
<gna_perf> |
-{I}п |
Perfective verbal adverb | |
<gna_cond> |
-с{A} |
Conditional verbal adverb | |
<gna_until> |
-г{I}нч{A} |
Verbal adverb "until..." | |
<gna_after> |
-г{A}нл{I} |
Verbal adverb "after..." | |
<gpr_past> |
-г{A}н |
Past verbal adjective | |
<gpr_impf> |
-{E}г{A}н |
Imperfective verbal adjective |