Difference between revisions of "Morphology of Turkish"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) |
Firespeaker (talk | contribs) |
||
(35 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
== Morphophonology == |
|||
{|class=wikitable |
|||
=== The behaviour of {y} === |
|||
There is need for a {y} "archiphoneme" in the morphophonology. Lowercase {y} is appropriate, since by our guidelines, uppercase characters are used for letters which primarily change forms (and may occasionally delete), whereas lowercase characters are used for letters which primarily delete/appear (and may change form when they appear). |
|||
{|class="wikitable" |
|||
|+Examples of {y} |
|||
|- |
|||
! example !! After a vowel !! After a consonant |
|||
|- |
|||
! {y}l{A} |
|||
| anne'''y'''le, baba'''y'''la || gözle, saçla |
|||
|- |
|||
! {y}{A} |
|||
| anne'''y'''e, baba'''y'''a || göze, saça |
|||
|- |
|||
! {y}{A}c{A}{K} |
|||
| izle'''y'''ecek, oku'''y'''acak || gelecek, olacak |
|||
|- |
|||
! {y}{A}b{I}l- |
|||
| izle'''y'''ebil-, oku'''y'''abıl- || gelebil-, olabıl- |
|||
|} |
|||
=== {I} versus {i} === |
|||
The archiphoneme {i} deletes after vowels, whereas {I} replaces the previous vowel (i.e., surfaces and triggers the deletion of the previous vowel). They both surface after consonants. They obey the same vowel harmony rules when they surface, having four possible forms: i (after i & e), ü (after ü & ö), ı (after a & ı), and u (after u & o). |
|||
{|class="wikitable" |
|||
|+Examples of {i} and {I} |
|||
|- |
|||
! archiphoneme !! example !! After a vowel !! After a consonant |
|||
|- |
|||
! {i} !! {i}p |
|||
| büyüp, izlep, arap || ver'''i'''p, ol'''u'''p, bak'''ı'''p |
|||
|- |
|||
! {I} !! {I}yor |
|||
| büy'''ü'''yor, izl'''i'''yor, ar'''ı'''yor || ver'''i'''yor, ol'''u'''yor, bak'''ı'''yor |
|||
|} |
|||
=== Devoicing === |
|||
{|class="wikitable" |
|||
|- |
|||
| category |
|||
!colspan=2| alternating |
|||
!colspan=2| voiceless |
|||
!colspan=2| voiced |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| voiced |
| voiced |
||
Line 12: | Line 57: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| examples |
| examples |
||
|valign="top"|kitap/kitabı |
|valign="top"|kitap/kitabı<br/>yurt/yurdu<br >güç/gücü<br />köpek/köpeği |
||
|valign="top"|et/ediyor |
|valign="top"|<br />et/ediyor |
||
|valign="top"|iç/içi |
|valign="top"|çöp/çöpü<br />at/atı<br/>iç/içi<br />halk/halkı |
||
|valign="top"|bak/bakiyor |
|valign="top"|yap/yapiyor<br />bit/bitiyor<br />iç/içiyor<br/>bak/bakiyor |
||
|valign="top"|leb/lebi |
|valign="top"|leb/lebi<br />ad/adı<br />hac/hacı<br />(dağ/dağı) |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 22: | Line 67: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! p/b |
! p/b |
||
|valign="top"| kitap |
|valign="top"| kitap<br />cevap |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| — |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| çöp |
||
|valign="top"| yap |
|valign="top"| yap<br />öp |
||
|valign="top"| leb |
|valign="top"| leb |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| — |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! t/d |
! t/d |
||
|valign="top"| yurt |
|valign="top"| yurt |
||
|valign="top"| et<br />git |
|valign="top"| et<br />git<br />güt |
||
|valign="top"| devlet<br />at |
|valign="top"| devlet<br />at |
||
|valign="top"| tut<br />bit<br />eğit<br />at |
|valign="top"| tut<br />bit<br />eğit<br />at |
||
|valign="top"| ad |
|valign="top"| ad |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| — |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! ç/c |
! ç/c |
||
|valign="top"| güç<br />ağaç<br />amaç<br />haç |
|valign="top"| güç<br />ağaç<br />amaç<br />haç |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| — |
||
|valign="top"| iç<br />suç |
|valign="top"| iç<br />suç |
||
|valign="top"| iç<br />seç |
|valign="top"| iç<br />seç<br />kaç<br />uç<br />geç<br />biç<br />aç<br />ölç<br />saç |
||
|valign="top"| hac<br />kırbac |
|valign="top"| hac<br />kırbac |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| — |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! k/ğ |
! k/ğ |
||
|valign="top"| kulak<br />köpek |
|valign="top"| kulak<br />köpek |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| — |
||
|valign="top"| halk<br />mülk<br />kök<br />gök |
|valign="top"| halk<br />mülk<br />kök<br />gök |
||
|valign="top"| bak |
|valign="top"| bak<br />yak<br />yık |
||
|valign="top"| (dağ) |
|valign="top"| (dağ) |
||
|valign="top"| |
|valign="top"| (yağ)<br />(yığ)<br />(doğ) |
||
|} |
|} |
||
=== Aorist rules === |
|||
* Verb stems ending with vowels: -r |
|||
* Polysyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ir |
|||
* Most monosyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ar |
|||
* The following 13 monosyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ir |
|||
** al-, bil-, bul-, dur-, gel-, gör-, kal-, ol-, öl-, san-, var-, ver-, vur- |
|||
Best solution: |
|||
* underlyingly -{i}r |
|||
* separate verb class for -Ar verbs, whereby {A} is added to verb stem before -{i}r |
|||
Note: |
|||
* applies to -{i}rken too |
|||
=== Words that break vowel harmony === |
|||
* deal with via {e} |
|||
* examples: saat, dikkat, idrak, harp (harb-), harf, kalp (kalb-), terminal, meşgul, festival |
|||
=== Epenthetic high vowel === |
|||
* deal with via {y} (or something else, since {y} is already used, but Kazakh and Kyrgyz and Tatar use {y}) |
|||
* examples: nehir/nehr-, burun/burn-, karın/karn-, ... |
|||
=== Geminate consonants === |
|||
* examples: af/aff-, hak/hakk-, ... |
|||
== Morphology == |
|||
{|class="wikitable" |
|||
|+Non-finite verb forms |
|||
|- |
|||
! !! verbal noun w̄ cases !! verbal noun w̄ px* !! verbal noun w̄ postpositions !! verbal adjective !! verbal adverb !! participle |
|||
|- |
|||
! -m{I}ş |
|||
| yes || yes || ''ile, için, ..'' || yes || || yes<br />''-m{I}ş ol-'' |
|||
|- |
|||
! -m{A}{K} |
|||
| yes<br />-DAn, -DA, ..,<br />otherwise turns to -m{A} || turns to -m{A} || ''için, ..'' || yes || || yes<br />''-m{A}{K} iste-'' |
|||
|- |
|||
! -m{A} |
|||
| yes || yes || ? || no<br />(cf. ''yazma sınav'') || — || |
|||
|- |
|||
! -{y}{A}c{A}{K} |
|||
| yes || yes? || yes? || yes<br />(usually?) w̄ {{tag|px*}}! || — || yes?<br />''-{y}{A}c{A}{K} ol-''? |
|||
|- |
|||
! -{D}{I}{K}¹,² |
|||
| yes || yes || ? || yes<br />w̄ {{tag|px*}}! || — || |
|||
|- |
|||
! -{y}{A}r{A}{K} |
|||
| || || || || yes || |
|||
|- |
|||
! -{i}p |
|||
| — || — || — || — || yes || — |
|||
|- |
|||
! -({A})-{i}rken |
|||
| || || || || yes || |
|||
|- |
|||
! -{C}{I} |
|||
| || || || yes || || |
|||
|- |
|||
! -{y}{I}nc{A} |
|||
| — || — || ''kadar, ile, '' || —? || yes || —? |
|||
|} |
|||
[[Category:Turkish]] |
[[Category:Turkish]] |
Latest revision as of 13:07, 18 June 2013
Contents
Morphophonology[edit]
The behaviour of {y}[edit]
There is need for a {y} "archiphoneme" in the morphophonology. Lowercase {y} is appropriate, since by our guidelines, uppercase characters are used for letters which primarily change forms (and may occasionally delete), whereas lowercase characters are used for letters which primarily delete/appear (and may change form when they appear).
example | After a vowel | After a consonant |
---|---|---|
{y}l{A} | anneyle, babayla | gözle, saçla |
{y}{A} | anneye, babaya | göze, saça |
{y}{A}c{A}{K} | izleyecek, okuyacak | gelecek, olacak |
{y}{A}b{I}l- | izleyebil-, okuyabıl- | gelebil-, olabıl- |
{I} versus {i}[edit]
The archiphoneme {i} deletes after vowels, whereas {I} replaces the previous vowel (i.e., surfaces and triggers the deletion of the previous vowel). They both surface after consonants. They obey the same vowel harmony rules when they surface, having four possible forms: i (after i & e), ü (after ü & ö), ı (after a & ı), and u (after u & o).
archiphoneme | example | After a vowel | After a consonant |
---|---|---|---|
{i} | {i}p | büyüp, izlep, arap | verip, olup, bakıp |
{I} | {I}yor | büyüyor, izliyor, arıyor | veriyor, oluyor, bakıyor |
Devoicing[edit]
category | alternating | voiceless | voiced | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
voiced | before %>: :Vow | never | always | |||
voiceless | syllable-finally | always | never | |||
examples | kitap/kitabı yurt/yurdu güç/gücü köpek/köpeği |
et/ediyor |
çöp/çöpü at/atı iç/içi halk/halkı |
yap/yapiyor bit/bitiyor iç/içiyor bak/bakiyor |
leb/lebi ad/adı hac/hacı (dağ/dağı) |
|
nouns | verbs | nouns | verbs | nouns | verbs | |
p/b | kitap cevap |
— | çöp | yap öp |
leb | — |
t/d | yurt | et git güt |
devlet at |
tut bit eğit at |
ad | — |
ç/c | güç ağaç amaç haç |
— | iç suç |
iç seç kaç uç geç biç aç ölç saç |
hac kırbac |
— |
k/ğ | kulak köpek |
— | halk mülk kök gök |
bak yak yık |
(dağ) | (yağ) (yığ) (doğ) |
Aorist rules[edit]
- Verb stems ending with vowels: -r
- Polysyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ir
- Most monosyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ar
- The following 13 monosyllabic verb stems ending with consonants: -Ir
- al-, bil-, bul-, dur-, gel-, gör-, kal-, ol-, öl-, san-, var-, ver-, vur-
Best solution:
- underlyingly -{i}r
- separate verb class for -Ar verbs, whereby {A} is added to verb stem before -{i}r
Note:
- applies to -{i}rken too
Words that break vowel harmony[edit]
- deal with via {e}
- examples: saat, dikkat, idrak, harp (harb-), harf, kalp (kalb-), terminal, meşgul, festival
Epenthetic high vowel[edit]
- deal with via {y} (or something else, since {y} is already used, but Kazakh and Kyrgyz and Tatar use {y})
- examples: nehir/nehr-, burun/burn-, karın/karn-, ...
Geminate consonants[edit]
- examples: af/aff-, hak/hakk-, ...
Morphology[edit]
verbal noun w̄ cases | verbal noun w̄ px* | verbal noun w̄ postpositions | verbal adjective | verbal adverb | participle | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-m{I}ş | yes | yes | ile, için, .. | yes | yes -m{I}ş ol- | |
-m{A}{K} | yes -DAn, -DA, .., otherwise turns to -m{A} |
turns to -m{A} | için, .. | yes | yes -m{A}{K} iste- | |
-m{A} | yes | yes | ? | no (cf. yazma sınav) |
— | |
-{y}{A}c{A}{K} | yes | yes? | yes? | yes (usually?) w̄ <px*> ! |
— | yes? -{y}{A}c{A}{K} ol-? |
-{D}{I}{K}¹,² | yes | yes | ? | yes w̄ <px*> ! |
— | |
-{y}{A}r{A}{K} | yes | |||||
-{i}p | — | — | — | — | yes | — |
-({A})-{i}rken | yes | |||||
-{C}{I} | yes | |||||
-{y}{I}nc{A} | — | — | kadar, ile, | —? | yes | —? |