Chunking: A full example

This will be a full example of chunking, which we build from the ground up.

We will look at Esperanto <-> English and try to translate the sentence "La libro estas blua" to "The book is blue".

First a little overview of how 3-stage transfer normally works:

• Transfer stage: Words are translated using the bidix and categorized and put into chunks (in the .t1x file). Here the tags in the words can also be added, removed or made into 'pointers' that points to the tags in the enclosing chunk.
• Interchunk stage: Chunks are reordered, combined and split and chunk tags changed (in the .t2x file)
• Postchunk stage: The words in the chunks are restored (in the .t3x file)

If we look at how "The blue book is good" goes throgh the system, we have just before transfer:

^The<det><def><sp>$ ^blue<adj>$ ^book<n><sg>$ ^be<vbser><pres><p3><sg>$ ^good<adj><sint>$

which is chunked into

^det_adj_nom<SN><sg><nom>{^La<det><def><2><3>$ ^blua<adj><2><3>$ ^libro<n><2><3>$}$ ^ser<SV><pres><p3><sg>{^esti<vbser><pres>$}$ ^adj<SN><sg>{^bona<adj><sg><nom>$}$

Here 'det_adj_nom' is the name of the chunk and

<SN><sg><nom>

the chunk's tags. The content of the chunk is {^La<det><def><2><3>$ ^blua<adj><2><3>$ ^libro<n><2><3>$} where the <2> and <3> are pointers to the chunk's tag (<sg> and <nom> respectively). This allows us to change the values at chunk level later on, if necessary.

In this simple case nothing happens at the interchunk stage. After the postchunk stage it looks like:

^La<det><def><sg><nom>$ ^blua<adj><sg><nom>$ ^libro<n><sg><nom>$ ^esti<vbser><pres>$ ^bona<adj><sg><nom>$

which becomes "La blua libro estas bona".

Word/chunk reordering

Now that "La libro estas bona" -> "The book is good" works, lets look at how chunk reordering works. In Esperanto you make a sentence into a question by putting "Ĉu" in the start of the sentence: "Ĉu la libro estas bona?" In English the verb needs to come first: "Is the book good?".