Apertium separable

Lttoolbox provides a module for reordering separable/discontiguous multiwords and processing them in the pipeline. Multiwords are manually written in an additional xml-format dictionary.

Installing

The module is part of the nightly repositories as apt-get install apertium-separable.

If you'd like to compile it manually—e.g., for development purposes—you can follow these instructions:

Prerequisites and compilation are the same as lttoolbox and apertium. See Installation.

The code can be found at https://github.com/apertium/apertium-separable, and instructions for compiling the module are:

./autogen.sh
./configure
make
make install

You'll need lttoolbox from git (or, greater than the current release 3.3.3) and associated libraries, and zlib (debian: zlib1g-dev).

Lexical transfer in the pipeline

lsx-proc runs directly AFTER apertium-tagger and apertium-pretransfer:
(note: previously this page had said that lsx-proc runs between BETWEEN apertium-tagger and apertium-pretransfer. it has now been determined that it should run AFTER pretransfer.)

… | apertium-tagger -g en-es.prob |  apertium-pretransfer | lsx-proc en-es.autoseq.bin | …

Usage

Creating the lsx-dictionary

The lsx dictionary format is largely similar to those of the morphological and bilingual dictionaries. (see also: Apertium_New_Language_Pair_HOWTO)

We begin with a declaration of the dictionary. There is currently nothing in it, only a declaration that we want to begin a new dictionary.

<dictionary type="separable">
</dictionary>

Then add the alphabet entry, this can be empty as the alphabet is only used for tokenisation and the lsx module comes after the text is tokenised. Now we have:

<dictionary type="separable">
    <alphabet></alphabet> 
</dictionary>

Next we need to add the symbol definitions, abbreviated to sdefs. These are the symbols that your words are tagged with, e.g. noun or verb or adj. Again, you should be able to just copy the sdef section from your language's monodix, and it should contain many more than in this basic example.

<dictionary type="separable">
    <alphabet></alphabet>
    <sdefs>
        <sdef n="adj"/>
        <sdef n="adv"/>
        <sdef n="n"/>
        <sdef n="sep"/>
        <sdef n="vblex"/>
    </sdefs>
</dictionary>

Now we need to add the paradigm definitions, abbreviated to pardefs. These represent patterns of word orders. The following example represents words tagged as adjective, noun, noun phrase, and frequency adjectives. See the note below about the tags <w/>, <t/>, <j/>. The lemma can be represented as anychars (<w/>, such as in adj and n below; or by typing out the word itself, such as in freq-adv below. Pardefs can be used to create other pardefs, such as in SN below. Adding paradigms into the dictionary, we get:

<dictionary type="separable">
    <alphabet></alphabet>
    <sdefs>
        ...
    </sdefs>
    <pardefs>
        <pardef n="adj"> <!-- to represent all adjectives -->
            <e><i><w/><s n="adj"/><d/></i></e> <!-- word only has the adj tag -->
            <e><i><w/><s n="adj"/><t/><d/></i></e> <!-- word has the adj tag followed by one or more other tags -->
        </pardef>
        <pardef n="n"> #to represent all nouns
            <e><i><w/><s n="n"/><t/><d/></i></e> <!-- word has the n tag followed by one or more other tags -->
        </pardef>
        <pardef n="SN"> #to represent all noun phrases
            <e><par n="n"/></e>
            <e><par n="adj"/><par n="n"/></e> <!-- word phrase is comprised of an adjective word followed by a noun word -->
            <e><par n="adj"/><par n="adj"/><par n="n"/></e> <!-- word phrase is comprised of two adjectives followed by a noun -->
        </pardef>
        <pardef n="freq-adv">
            <e><i>always<s n="adv"/><d/></i></e> <!-- i.e. ^always<adv>$ -->
            <e><i>anually<s n="adv"/><d/></i></e>
            <e><i>bianually<s n="adv"/><d/></i></e>
        </pardef>
    </pardefs>
</dictionary>

Finally, we add the main entries. Here is the final result of our small example dictionary:

<dictionary type="separable">
    <alphabet></alphabet>
    <sdefs>
        <sdef n="adj"/>
        <sdef n="adv"/>
        <sdef n="n"/>
        <sdef n="sep"/>
        <sdef n="vblex"/>
    </sdefs>
    <pardefs>
        <pardef n="adj">
            <e><i><w/><s n="adj"/><d/></i></e>
            <e><i><w/><s n="adj"/><t/><d/></i></e>
        </pardef>
        <pardef n="n">
            <e><i><w/><s n="n"/><t/><d/></i></e>
        </pardef>
        <pardef n="SN">
            <e><par n="n"/></e>
            <e><par n="adj"/><par n="n"/></e>
            <e><par n="adj"/><par n="adj"/><par n="n"/></e>
        </pardef>
        <pardef n="freq-adv">
            <e><i>always<s n="adv"/><d/></i></e>
            <e><i>anually<s n="adv"/><d/></i></e>
            <e><i>bianually<s n="adv"/><d/></i></e>
        </pardef>
    </pardefs>
    <section id="main" type="standard">
        <e lm="be late" c="llegar tarde">
            <p><l>be<s n="vbser"/></l><r>be<g><b/>late</g><s n="vbser"/></r></p><i><t/><d/></i>
            <par n="SAdv"/><p><l>late<t/><d/></l><r></r></p>
        </e>
        <e lm="take away" c="sacar, quitar">
            <p><l>take<s n="vblex"/></l><r>take<g><b/>away</g><s n="vblex"/></r></p><i><t/><d/></i>
            <par n="SN"/><p><l>away<t/><d/></l><r></r></p>
        </e>
    </section>
</dictionary>

Note:

• <w/> stands for one or more alphabetic symbols
• <t/> stands for one or more tags (multicharacter symbols).
• <d/> stands for the word boundary symbol $

i.e.

• <e><w/><t/><d/></e> is equivalent to any-one-or-more-chars<adj><required-anytag><...optional-anytag...><$>
  • ^tall<adj><sint><...>$
• <e><w/><d/></e> is equivalent to any-one-or-more-chars<adj><$>
  • ^tall<adj>$

A larger example dictionary can be found at https://github.com/apertium/apertium-separable/blob/master/examples/apertium-eng-spa.eng-spa.lsx.

The lsx dictionary file names are of the form apertium-A-B.A-B.lsx , where apertium-A-B is the name of the language pair. For example, file apertium-eng-cat.eng-cat.lsx is the lsx dictionary for the eng-cat pair. The names of the compiled binaries are of the form apertium-A-B.autoseq.bin . For example, eng-cat.autoseq.bin .

Compilation

Compilation into the binary format is achieved by means of the lsx-comp program. Specifying lr as the mode will produce an analyser, and rl will produce a generator.

$ lsx-comp lr apertium-eng-spa.eng-spa.lsx eng-spa.autoseq.bin
main@standard 61 73

Processing

Processing can be done using the lsx-proc program.

The input to lsx-proc is the output of apertium-tagger and apertium-pretransfer ,

$ echo '^take<vblex><imp>$ ^prpers<prn><obj><p3><nt><sg>$ ^out of<pr>$ ^there<adv>$^.<sent>$' | lsx-proc eng-spa.autoseq.bin
^take# out<vblex><sep><imp>$ ^prpers<prn><obj><p3><nt><sg>$ ^of<pr>$ ^there<adv>$^.<sent>$

Example usages

Example #1: A sentence in plain text,

The Aragonese took Ramiro out of a monastery and made him king.

This is the output of feeding the sentence through apertium-tagger and then apertium-pretransfer :

^the<det><def><sp>$ ^Aragonese<n><sg>$ ^take<vblex><past>$ ^Ramiro<np><ant><m><sg>$ ^out of<pr>$ ^a<det><ind><sg>$
^monastery<n><sg>$ ^and<cnjcoo>$ ^make<vblex><pp>$ ^prpers<prn><obj><p3><m><sg>$ ^king<n><sg>$^.<sent>$

This is the output of feeding the output above through lsx-proc with apertium-eng-spa.eng-spa.lsx:

^the<det><def><sp>$ ^Aragonese<n><sg>$ ^take# out<vblex><sep><past>$ ^Ramiro<np><ant><m><sg>$ ^of<pr>$ ^a<det><ind><sg>$
^monastery<n><sg>$ ^and<cnjcoo>$ ^make<vblex><pp>$ ^prpers<prn><obj><p3><m><sg>$ ^king<n><sg>$^.<sent>$

Matching forms

You can also use lsx-proc on readings that include forms. Run apertium-tagger with -p to ensure forms are not stripped off, and run lsx-proc with -p to enable analysing forms. Use <f/> to match the / between form and reading:

$ cat sep.lsx
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<dictionary type="separable">
  <alphabet></alphabet>
  <sdefs>
    <sdef n="np"/>
    <sdef n="pr"/>
    <sdef n="vblex"/>
    <sdef n="adv"/>
  </sdefs>

  <pardefs>

    <pardef n="reading" c="match and keep readings (incl. tagless/unknown). Includes end delimiter">
      <e>   <i><f/><w/><d/></i>            </e>
      <e>   <i><f/><w/><t/><d/></i>        </e>
    </pardef>

    <pardef n="reading:" c="match and drop readings (incl. tagless/unknown). Includes end delimiter">
      <e><p><l><f/><w/><d/></l>    <r/></p></e>
      <e><p><l><f/><w/><t/><d/></l><r/></p></e>
    </pardef>

    <pardef n="pr|jf" c="includes end delimiter">
      <e><i><w/><f/><w/><s n="pr"/><t/><d/></i></e>
      <e><i>jf.</i>     <par n="reading"/></e>
    </pardef>

  </pardefs>

  <section id="main" type="standard">

    <e c="merge">
      <par n="pr|jf"/>
      <p><l>lov</l> <r></r></p> <par n="reading:"/>
      <p><l>om</l> <r></r></p> <par n="reading:"/>
      <p><l>kake</l> <r></r></p> <par n="reading:"/>
      <p><l></l> <r>lov<b/>om<b/>kake<s n="np"/><d/></r></p>
    </e>

    <e c="split">
      <p><l>wouldnae</l> <r></r></p> <par n="reading:"/>
      <p><l></l> <r>would<f/>will<s n="vblex"/><d space="no"/></r></p>
      <p><l></l> <r>nae<f/>not<s n="adv"/><d/></r></p>
    </e>

    <!--
        The "reading" pardefs above will match all readings (even
        unknowns), so they really just filter on form.

        But we could easily match on lemmas/tags as well, e.g the below entry would turn

        ^aint/benot<vblex><adv>$
        into
        ^ai/be<vblex>$ ^nt/not<adv>$

        but would not match
        ^aint/havenot<vblex><adv>$
    -->
    <e c="require certain lemma/tags">
      <p><l>aint<f/>benot<s n="vblex"/><s n="adv"/><d/></l> <r></r></p>
      <p><l></l> <r>ai<f/>be<s n="vblex"/><d space="no"/></r></p>
      <p><l></l> <r>nt<f/>not<s n="adv"/><d/></r></p>
    </e>

  </section>
</dictionary>

$ lsx-comp lr sep.lsx sep.bin
main@standard 99 118

$ echo '^jf./jf.<pr>$ ^lov/lov<n><m>$ ^om/om<pr>$ ^kake/kake<n><f>$' | lsx-proc -w -p sep.bin
^jf./jf.<pr>$ ^lov/lov om kake<np>$

$ echo '^wouldnae/willnot<vblex><adv>$' | lsx-proc -w -p sep.bin
^would/will<vblex>$^nae/not<adv>$

$ echo '^wouldnae/*wouldnae$' | lsx-proc -w -p sep.bin
^would/will<vblex>$^nae/not<adv>$

$ echo '^aint/benot<vblex><adv>$' | lsx-proc -w -p sep.bin
^ai/be<vblex>$^nt/not<adv>$

$ echo '^aint/havenot<vblex><adv>$' | lsx-proc -w -p sep.bin
^aint/havenot<vblex><adv>$

NB: If you are using HFST to create your lsx binary, you will need to run lt-comp with the -S option on your ATT file, e.g. lt-comp -S lr sep.att sep.bin

Troubleshooting

Undefined symbol

In your dictionary you are probably using a symbol that you didn't define in the sdefs. Add the symbol to the sdefs.

Future work

Offloading multiwords from transducers to lsx

In theory we're offloading multiwords from the transducers to lsx. This leaves open some questions:

• how do we do N N compounds with lsx?
• how does translation to a multiword work? In theory it's possible to invert the transducer, but an attempt to try this results in a transducer that looks right but silently fails to apply to input. Also, it will need to be able to handle the output of transfer. —Firespeaker (talk) 00:02, 1 September 2017 (CEST)

Recycling dictionaries and/or paradigms

lsx-dictionaries are packaged in language pairs. the eng-spa lsx-dictionary can mostly be reaped by eng-cat. could we make use of the similarity?

Beta testing

Support for language pairs: we haven't gotten much extensive beta testing. The following are language pairs that have packaged the lsx-module:

• • eng-cat
  • eng-deu (?)
  • kaz-kir

Beta test with more language pairs

Transfer-like super powers

• Transfer-like capabilities for the lexicon (super powers). E.g., gustar / like

The one-to-many bug

Given the following lsx file:

<dictionary type="sequential">
	<alphabet>АӘБВГҒДЕЁЖЗИІЙКҚЛМНҢОӨПРСТУҰҮФХҺЦЧШЩЬЫЪЭЮЯаәбвгғдеёжзиійкқлмнңоөпрстуұүфхһцчшщьыъэюя</alphabet>
	<sdefs>
		<sdef n="adj"/>
		<sdef n="adv"/>
		<sdef n="n"/>
		<sdef n="nom"/>
		<sdef n="dat"/>
		<sdef n="v"/>
	</sdefs>
	<pardefs>
		<pardef n="adj">
			<e><i><w/><s n="adj"/><d/></i></e>
			<e><i><w/><s n="adj"/><t/><d/></i></e>
		</pardef>
		<pardef n="n">
			<e><i><w/><s n="n"/><t/><d/></i></e>
		</pardef>
		<pardef n="SN">
			<e><par n="n"/></e>
			<e><par n="adj"/><par n="n"/></e>
			<e><par n="adj"/><par n="adj"/><par n="n"/></e>
		</pardef>
	</pardefs>
	<section id="main" type="standard">
		<e lm="кабарда" c="хабар ет">
			<p><l>хабар<b/>ет<s n="v"/></l>
				<r>хабар<s n="n"/><s n="nom"/><d/>ет<s n="v"/></r></p><i><t/><d/></i>
		</e>
		<e lm="абайла" c="абай бол">
			<p><l>абай<b/>бол<s n="v"/></l>
				<r>абай<s n="adj"/><d/>бол<s n="v"/></r></p><i><t/><d/></i>
		</e>
		<e lm="абайла" c="абай бол">
			<p><l>абай<b/>бол<s n="v"/></l>
				<r>абай<s n="adj"/><d/>бол<s n="v"/></r></p><i><t/>+ма<t/><d/></i>
			<!-- p><l>абай<s n="adj"/><d/>бол<s n="v"/><t/></l>
				<r>абай<b/>бол<s n="v"/><t/></r></p -->
		</e>
		<e lm="сууга түш" c="шомылда">
			<p><l>сууга<b/>түш<s n="v"/></l>
				<r>суу<s n="n"/><s n="dat"/><d/>түш<s n="v"/></r></p><i><t/><d/></i>
		</e>

	</section>
</dictionary>

and the following code to compile it (where $(PREFIX1) is kaz-kir and $(PREFIX2) is kir-kaz and $(BASENAME) is apertium-kaz-kir; the above file is apertium-kaz-kir.kir-kaz.lsx):

$(PREFIX1).autoseq.bin: $(BASENAME).$(PREFIX1).lsx
	lsx-comp lr $< $@

$(PREFIX2).autoseq.bin: $(BASENAME).$(PREFIX2).lsx
	lsx-comp lr $< $@

$(PREFIX1).revautoseq.bin: $(BASENAME).$(PREFIX1).lsx
	lsx-comp rl $< $@

$(PREFIX2).revautoseq.bin: $(BASENAME).$(PREFIX2).lsx
	lsx-comp rl $< $@

EXPECTED OUTPUT:

we expect lr compilation to give the following behaviour:

$ echo "^хабар ет<v><iv><ifi><p1><sg>$" | lsx-proc kaz-kir.autoseq.bin
^хабар<n><nom>$ ^ет<v><iv><ifi><p1><sg>$

and

$ echo "^хабар<n><nom>$ ^ет<v><iv><ifi><p1><sg>$" | lsx-proc kaz-kir.autoseq.bin
^хабар<n><nom>$ ^ет<v><iv><ifi><p1><sg>$

WHEREAS with rl compilation (outputting with name revautoseq), we expect the following behaviour:

$ echo "^хабар<n><nom>$ ^ет<v><iv><ifi><p1><sg>$" | lsx-proc kaz-kir.revautoseq.bin
^хабар ет<v><iv><ifi><p1><sg>$

and

$ echo "^хабар ет<v><iv><ifi><p1><sg>$" | lsx-proc kaz-kir.revautoseq.bin
^хабар ет<v><iv><ifi><p1><sg>$

See also

• Apertium system architecture
• GSOC project proposal, workplan, report
• /GCI_2017