Difference between revisions of "Xhosa"

From Apertium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(18 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people


⚫
'''Apertium Pairs'''


⚫
== Apertium Language Pairs ==
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)


([[list of language pairs]])
([[list of language pairs]])
Line 17: Line 17:


'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research"]


'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa"]


== Comparative Studies ==
== Comparative Studies ==
Line 26: Line 26:


'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa"]


'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa'''
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa'''
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation"]






== Linguistic Grammar ==
== Linguistic Grammar ==
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?"]
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa"]

*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']
⚫
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages"]
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;


Line 42: Line 44:
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)


Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]


⚫
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']


*'''[




Line 53: Line 54:
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)


* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies"]
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary"]
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa'']
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary"]
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums'']
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit"]
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language"]


''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':
Line 66: Line 67:
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==


* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries"]
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages"]
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus"]
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics"] -
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu"]
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes"]

[[Category:Nguni Bantu languages]]

Latest revision as of 05:57, 18 April 2020

The Xhosa Language[edit]

Xhosa (Wikipedia: Xhosa language) is a (Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)

  • Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)
  • Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people

Apertium Pairs

Currently, on Apertium, the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:

(list of language pairs)

Computational Linguistics[edit]

Xhosa Cross Linguistics

The Tone Analysis of Xhosa

Comparative Studies[edit]

Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)

Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa


Linguistic Grammar[edit]

Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;

  • they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä

The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)

Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): Xhosa Grammar Examples



Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries[edit]

(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)

Elaboration on Machine Translation:

  • Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.
  • The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained

Monolingual/Parallel Corpora[edit]

Retrieved from "https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&oldid=72086"